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Review Open Access

Liver X receptor: A potential target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yingjie Li
    • Xiaoyan Fu
    • Meiwen Bai
    • Jiaqi Zhou
    • Jiatai Qiu
    • Hongxia Zhang
    • Shujuan Liang
    • Meifang Liu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Lab for Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 54
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    Published online on: November 27, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13764
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Abstract

Liver X receptor (LXR), comprising isoforms LXRα and LXRβ, is a member of the nuclear receptor family, which serves important roles in maintaining cholesterol and lipid metabolism homeostasis by regulating cholesterol excretion and reverse transport. LXR activation also participates in regulating the pathological processes of inflammation and tumor‑related processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are two common intestinal inflammatory diseases, and the occurrence of CRC is closely associated with the development of chronic inflammation, particularly IBD. To date, the pathogenesis of IBD and CRC remains to be fully elucidated, although research is being conducted in this area. LXR has been suggested to participate in regulating the pathogenesis of both IBD and CRC. Although previous findings illustrate the benefits of LXR activation on intestinal inflammatory response and cancer, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding of how LXR exerts its properties. The present review provided an overview of the recent advances in understanding the roles of LXR in IBD and CRC, to explore the potential therapeutic strategies and targets mediated by the dual roles of LXR in immune modulation and cholesterol metabolism, and to identify the link between IBD and CRC. The present review highlighted the novel role of LXR in bridging metabolic regulation and immune homeostasis, positioning it as a promising therapeutic target for IBD and CRC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Role of LXR in intestinal
homeostasis. LXR serves multiple key roles in intestinal
homeostasis. As an intestinal barrier guardian, LXR maintains the
integrity of the intestinal epithelium, promotes the secretion of
MUC2 by goblet cells and upregulates the expression of tight
junction proteins. As an immunomodulator, LXR regulates the
intestinal immune response by influencing the polarization of
monocytes into M1 and M2 macrophages, the expression of
inflammatory factors in epithelial cells and subsequent immune cell
infiltration, as well as the balance of Th17/Treg cells. As a
metabolic stabilizer, LXR affects intestinal metabolic homeostasis
by regulating RCT, and the synthesis and secretion of fatty acids.
These functions of LXR work together to ensure that the intestine
maintains normal physiological function and health in the face of
external challenges. LXR, liver X receptor; Th17, T helper 17;
RORγt+ Treg, RORγt-expressing regulatory T cell; HDL,
high-density lipoprotein; MUC2, mucin 2; RCT, reverse cholesterol
transport; FABP6, fatty acid-binding protein 6; SCD, stearoyl-CoA
desaturase; FADS2, fatty acid desaturase 2; APO,
apolipoprotein.

Figure 2

Mechanism of LXR participating in
IBD. LXR activation regulates inflammation via two mechanisms. On
one hand, the activation of LXR enhances the expression of
intestinal epithelial cell tight junction proteins and inhibits the
activation of intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells, such as
macrophages and T cells, in the intestine, thus preventing the
NF-κB pathway from releasing inflammatory cytokines and maintaining
the intestinal barrier. On the other hand, the activation of LXR
can regulate lipid metabolism and inhibit the NF-κB signaling
pathway and the release of pro-inflammatory factors by increasing
the expression of macrophage ABCA1 and promoting cholesterol
outflow. The aforementioned findings suggest that LXR is a key
regulator in the occurrence and development of IBD. LXR, liver X
receptor; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; HDL, high-density
lipoprotein; RCT, reverse cholesterol transport; LPS,
lipopolysaccharide; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; ABCA1, ATP-binding
cassette transporter A1; CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine; CCL2, C-C
motif chemokine 2.

Figure 3

LXR participates in the mechanism of
intestinal cancer. LXR activation has multiple mechanisms in the
development of colon cancer. On one hand, following its activation,
LXR can induce the programmed death of colon cancer cells by
binding to EGFR on the surface of cancer cells, regulating their
growth cycle, inhibiting the survival of MDSCs and promoting genes
such as ABCA1. On the other hand, the combination of LXR activation
and the opening of pannexin 1 channels induces caspase-1
activation, leading to cancer cell pyroptosis. These findings
provide novel foundations for the treatment of colon cancer. LXR,
liver X receptor; NLRP3, NOD-like-receptor pyrin domain containing
3; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; ABCA1, ATP-binding
cassette transporter A1; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; ASC,
apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD; EGFR,
epidermal growth factor receptor; LRP8, LDL receptor-related
protein 8; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; RCT, reverse cholesterol
transport; ABCG1, ATP binding cassette subfamily G member; SKP2,
S-phase kinase-related protein 2.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li Y, Fu X, Bai M, Zhou J, Qiu J, Zhang H, Liang S and Liu M: Liver X receptor: A potential target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 54, 2026.
APA
Li, Y., Fu, X., Bai, M., Zhou, J., Qiu, J., Zhang, H. ... Liu, M. (2026). Liver X receptor: A potential target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 54. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13764
MLA
Li, Y., Fu, X., Bai, M., Zhou, J., Qiu, J., Zhang, H., Liang, S., Liu, M."Liver X receptor: A potential target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.2 (2026): 54.
Chicago
Li, Y., Fu, X., Bai, M., Zhou, J., Qiu, J., Zhang, H., Liang, S., Liu, M."Liver X receptor: A potential target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 2 (2026): 54. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13764
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li Y, Fu X, Bai M, Zhou J, Qiu J, Zhang H, Liang S and Liu M: Liver X receptor: A potential target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 54, 2026.
APA
Li, Y., Fu, X., Bai, M., Zhou, J., Qiu, J., Zhang, H. ... Liu, M. (2026). Liver X receptor: A potential target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 54. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13764
MLA
Li, Y., Fu, X., Bai, M., Zhou, J., Qiu, J., Zhang, H., Liang, S., Liu, M."Liver X receptor: A potential target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.2 (2026): 54.
Chicago
Li, Y., Fu, X., Bai, M., Zhou, J., Qiu, J., Zhang, H., Liang, S., Liu, M."Liver X receptor: A potential target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 2 (2026): 54. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13764
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