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Review Open Access

Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhenming Hao
    • Yongqiang Xie
    • Ru Zhang
    • Hui Sang
    • Luxi Li
    • Yulin Liu
    • Jinbo Hu
    • Jijun Wang
    • Keqiang Chai
    • Qiang Zhao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, Gansu 730900, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Hao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 65
    |
    Published online on: December 11, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13775
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Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks among the most prevalent malignancies among men worldwide, emphasizing the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Studies have suggested that the gut microbiota may markedly influence PCa pathogenesis through mechanisms such as immunomodulation and metabolic regulation. The present review systematically examined the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, highlighted clinical evidence linking microbial dysbiosis to PCa risk and examined discrepancies in existing research. Additionally, it explored the therapeutic potential of microbiota modulation, through the use of probiotics and dietary interventions, in enhancing treatment responses. Despite emerging insights, challenges persist, including methodological variations and patient heterogeneity. The present review highlighted the need for further research to elucidate the role of the gut microbiota and support the development of personalized approaches for PCa management. The novelty of this work lay in its comprehensive synthesis of current evidence on the role of the gut microbiota in PCa, identification of gaps in existing research and proposal of future directions to advance our understanding of this emerging field.
View Figures

Figure 1

Composition of intestinal microbiota
and its mechanism of action on tumors (generated with Figdraw;
www.figdraw.com; ID: AUIUR55151).

Figure 2

Mechanism of action of gut microbiota
on prostate cancer (generated with Figdraw; www.figdraw.com; ID: RWTIA8dd77). SCFAs, short-chain
fatty acids; LPCAT1, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase; IGF1,
insulin-like growth factor 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor
kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; IL-6,
interleukin-6; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of
transcription 3; JAK2, Janus kinase 2; Nrf2, nuclear factor
erythroid 2-related factor 2; Glo1, glyoxalase 1; LPCAT1,
lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1; AGE, advanced glycation
end-product; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end-products;
PCa, prostate cancer; CRPC, castration-resistant prostate
cancer.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hao Z, Xie Y, Zhang R, Sang H, Li L, Liu Y, Hu J, Wang J, Chai K, Zhao Q, Zhao Q, et al: Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 65, 2026.
APA
Hao, Z., Xie, Y., Zhang, R., Sang, H., Li, L., Liu, Y. ... Zhao, Q. (2026). Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 65. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13775
MLA
Hao, Z., Xie, Y., Zhang, R., Sang, H., Li, L., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Wang, J., Chai, K., Zhao, Q."Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.2 (2026): 65.
Chicago
Hao, Z., Xie, Y., Zhang, R., Sang, H., Li, L., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Wang, J., Chai, K., Zhao, Q."Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 2 (2026): 65. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13775
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hao Z, Xie Y, Zhang R, Sang H, Li L, Liu Y, Hu J, Wang J, Chai K, Zhao Q, Zhao Q, et al: Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 65, 2026.
APA
Hao, Z., Xie, Y., Zhang, R., Sang, H., Li, L., Liu, Y. ... Zhao, Q. (2026). Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 65. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13775
MLA
Hao, Z., Xie, Y., Zhang, R., Sang, H., Li, L., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Wang, J., Chai, K., Zhao, Q."Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.2 (2026): 65.
Chicago
Hao, Z., Xie, Y., Zhang, R., Sang, H., Li, L., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Wang, J., Chai, K., Zhao, Q."Gut microbiota as a multifaceted modulator of prostate cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities and clinical challenges (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 2 (2026): 65. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13775
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