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Molecular Medicine Reports
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Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
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February-2026 Volume 33 Issue 2

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

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Review Open Access

Deciphering epigenetic regulation in cardiac developmental toxicity: Mechanisms and implications (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ziling Qin
    • Ranran Chen
    • Dianrong Song

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300250, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Qin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 66
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    Published online on: December 11, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13776
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Abstract

As the first functional organ to form during vertebrate embryogenesis, the heart exhibits heightened susceptibility to developmental toxicity. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, non‑coding RNAs, N6‑methyladenosine methylation and chromatin accessibility alterations, mediate cardiac developmental toxicity induced by exogenous compounds including environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The present review comprehensively summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which these compounds exert cardiac developmental toxicity through epigenetic regulation. An in‑depth analysis of research progress and technical challenges across diverse epigenetic pathways is provided. By summarizing recent evidence, the present review proposes candidate epigenetic biomarkers for cardiac developmental toxicity monitoring and explores potential intervention strategies targeting these pathways. Future research should prioritize multi‑omics integration technologies and clinical translation system development. These advances are anticipated to foster innovation in both mechanistic research and preventive strategy development for cardiac developmental toxicity.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Qin Z, Chen R and Song D: Deciphering epigenetic regulation in cardiac developmental toxicity: Mechanisms and implications (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 66, 2026.
APA
Qin, Z., Chen, R., & Song, D. (2026). Deciphering epigenetic regulation in cardiac developmental toxicity: Mechanisms and implications (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 66. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13776
MLA
Qin, Z., Chen, R., Song, D."Deciphering epigenetic regulation in cardiac developmental toxicity: Mechanisms and implications (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.2 (2026): 66.
Chicago
Qin, Z., Chen, R., Song, D."Deciphering epigenetic regulation in cardiac developmental toxicity: Mechanisms and implications (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 2 (2026): 66. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13776
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Qin Z, Chen R and Song D: Deciphering epigenetic regulation in cardiac developmental toxicity: Mechanisms and implications (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 66, 2026.
APA
Qin, Z., Chen, R., & Song, D. (2026). Deciphering epigenetic regulation in cardiac developmental toxicity: Mechanisms and implications (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 66. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13776
MLA
Qin, Z., Chen, R., Song, D."Deciphering epigenetic regulation in cardiac developmental toxicity: Mechanisms and implications (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.2 (2026): 66.
Chicago
Qin, Z., Chen, R., Song, D."Deciphering epigenetic regulation in cardiac developmental toxicity: Mechanisms and implications (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 2 (2026): 66. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13776
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