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Article Open Access

CACNB1 alleviates mepivacaine‑induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation

  • Authors:
    • Qingbo Shao
    • Ji Zhang
    • Huaying Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Shao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 71
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    Published online on: December 17, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13781
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Abstract

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a challenging cardiovascular disease. Mepivacaine, a common local anesthetic, exacerbates myocardial injury during ischemia‑reperfusion (IR). Understanding the underlying mechanisms of MIRI and potential therapeutic targets is important to treat this disease. In the present study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the GSE19339 dataset were identified and analyzed. The expression of calcium voltage‑gated channel auxiliary subunit β1 (CACNB1) was measured in myocardial infarction samples and the effects of different doses of mepivacaine on cell cycle progression, apoptosis, cell viability, inflammatory response and oxidative stress were evaluated in H9c2 cells. Hypoxia‑reoxygenation (H/R) treatment simulated MIRI, highlighting the role of CACNB1 in mepivacaine‑induced cellular inflammation and injury. The present study identified 2,396 upregulated and 1,230 downregulated DEGs enriched in pathways such as inflammatory response and chemokine signaling. Mepivacaine induced apoptosis, G1 phase arrest and increased oxidative stress markers, including elevated ROS and MDA levels together with decreased SOD activity, as well as inflammatory cytokines (TNF‑α, IL‑1β and IL‑6), in a dose‑dependent manner in H9c2 cells. CACNB1 knockdown reduced mepivacaine‑ and H/R‑induced damage, inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis via the CACNB1/NOD‑like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/Nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) axis. Furthermore, CACNB1 knockdown enhanced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, indicating a stress response mechanism. Mepivacaine exacerbated MIRI by inducing apoptosis, G1 phase arrest, oxidative stress and inflammation in H9c2 cells. CACNB1 knockdown reduced these effects. Targeting the CACNB1/NLRP3/Nrf2 axis may be a potential strategy for mitigating myocardial injury caused by mepivacaine and IR.
View Figures

Figure 1

Differential expression and
functional enrichment analyses for hub gene identification in the
GSE19339 dataset. (A) Volcano plot displaying the differential
expression analysis results of the GSE19339 dataset. The x-axis
represents the log2 fold change in gene expression
between MI and normal samples. The y-axis indicates the statistical
significance of differential expression. Upregulated DEGs are
depicted in red, and downregulated DEGs are depicted in blue. Gene
ontology enrichment analysis of the function of DEGs based on (B)
biological process, (C) cellular component and (D) molecular
function. The abscissa is GeneRatio and the ordinate is an
enrichment term. The larger the dots, the more genes that are
enriched. (E) KEGG enrichment analysis predicted the pathways of
overlapping gene involvement. (F) Box plot showing the differential
expression of CACNB1 between MI and normal samples in the
GSE19339 dataset, *P<0.05 compared with the Normal group.
Statistical analysis of differential gene expression was performed
using an unpaired Student's t-test. DEGs, differentially expressed
genes; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MI,
myocardial infarction.

Figure 2

Mepivacaine induces activation of the
apoptosis pathway in H9c2 cells. (A) Determination of cell
viability in H9c2 cells treated with different concentrations (0.5,
1.0 and 2.0 mM) of mepivacaine using the CCK-8 assay. The x-axis
represents different treatment conditions and the y-axis represents
cell viability. (B) Analysis of apoptosis rate in H9c2 cells
treated with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) of
mepivacaine using flow cytometry. Reverse
transcription-quantitative pcr analysis of mRNA expression levels
of apoptotic factors (C) Bax, (D) Bcl-2 and (E) Caspase-3 in H9c2
cells treated with different concentrations of mepivacaine. (F)
Representative images of western blot analysis of protein
expression levels of (G) Bax, (H) Bcl-2 (I) and Caspase-3 in H9c2
cells treated with different concentrations of mepivacaine. Data
are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed
using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *P<0.05
compared with the Control group.

Figure 3

Impact of mepivacaine on the cell
cycle of H9c2 cells. Evaluation of mRNA expression levels of cell
cycle-related markers (A) P21, (B) Cyclin E1 and (C) CDK4 in H9c2
cells treated with different concentrations of mepivacaine using
reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. (D) Representative western
blotting images of protein expression levels of cell cycle-related
markers (E) P21, (F) Cyclin E1 and (G) CDK4 in H9c2 cells treated
with different concentrations of mepivacaine. Data are presented as
mean ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way
ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *P<0.05 compared with
the Control group.

Figure 4

Mepivacaine induces oxidative stress
and inflammation in H9c2 cells. Measurement of (A) ROS, (B) SOD,
(C) MDA and (D) LDH levels in H9c2 cells treated with different
concentrations of mepivacaine using corresponding assay kits.
Assessment of the secretion levels of inflammatory cytokines (E)
TNF-α, (F) IL-8 and (G) IL-1β in H9c2 cells treated with different
concentrations of mepivacaine using ELISA. Data are presented as
mean ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way
ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *P<0.05 compared with
the Control group. ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide
dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; prot,
protein.

Figure 5

Impact of mepivacaine treatment and
CACNB1 knockdown on H9c2 cell viability. (A) mRNA expression
levels (B) representative western blotting images and (C) protein
expression levels of CACNB1 in H9c2 cells treated with
different concentrations of mepivacaine. (D) mRNA expression
levels, (E) representative western blotting images and (F) protein
expression levels of CACNB1 to assess the transfection
efficiency of CACNB1 knockdown plasmids. (G) The viability
of HR model H9c2 cells treated with 2 mM mepivacaine for 24 h,
combined with CACNB1 knockdown, was assessed using the Cell
Counting Kit-8 assay. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical
significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's
post hoc test. *P<0.05 compared with the Control group,
#P<0.05 compared with the H/R group. HR,
hypoxia/reoxygenation; si, small interfering.

Figure 6

Effect of CACNB1 knockdown on
apoptosis in HR model H9c2 cells treated with mepivacaine. (A)
Assessment of apoptosis level in HR model H9c2 cells treated with 2
mM mepivacaine and CACNB1 knockdown using flow cytometry.
Evaluation of the mRNA expression levels of apoptotic proteins (B)
Bax, (C) Bcl-2 and (D) Caspase-3 in H/R model H9c2 cells treated
with 2 mM mepivacaine and CACNB1 knockdown. (E)
Representative western blotting images and (F) protein expression
of Bax, Bcl-1 and Caspase-1. Data are presented as mean ± SD.
Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA followed
by Tukey's post hoc test. *P<0.05 compared with the Control
group, #P<0.05 compared with the H/R + 2.0 mM
Mepivacaine group. HR, Hypoxia/Reoxygenation; si, small
interfering.

Figure 7

CACNB1 knockdown modulates the
expression of inflammatory mediators and Nrf2 nuclear
translocation. (A) Representative western blotting images and (B)
expression levels of inflammatory-related factors (NLRP3,
C-Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-18, ASC and IL-1β) were evaluated by western
blot analysis upon combined treatment with mepivacaine and
CACNB1 knockdown. (C) Representative western blotting images
and (D) expression levels of cytoplasmic Nrf2 and nuclear Nrf2
proteins were assessed by western blot analysis. Data are presented
as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way
ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *P<0.05 and
***P<0.001 compared with the Control group,
#P<0.05 compared with the H/R + 2.0 mM Mepivacaine
group. HR, Hypoxia/Reoxygenation; si, small interfering; Nrf2,
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ASC,
apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (also
known as PYCARD).
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Shao Q, Zhang J and Wang H: <em>CACNB1</em> alleviates mepivacaine‑induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Mol Med Rep 33: 71, 2026.
APA
Shao, Q., Zhang, J., & Wang, H. (2026). <em>CACNB1</em> alleviates mepivacaine‑induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 71. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13781
MLA
Shao, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, H."<em>CACNB1</em> alleviates mepivacaine‑induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.2 (2026): 71.
Chicago
Shao, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, H."<em>CACNB1</em> alleviates mepivacaine‑induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 2 (2026): 71. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13781
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Shao Q, Zhang J and Wang H: <em>CACNB1</em> alleviates mepivacaine‑induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Mol Med Rep 33: 71, 2026.
APA
Shao, Q., Zhang, J., & Wang, H. (2026). <em>CACNB1</em> alleviates mepivacaine‑induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 71. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13781
MLA
Shao, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, H."<em>CACNB1</em> alleviates mepivacaine‑induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.2 (2026): 71.
Chicago
Shao, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, H."<em>CACNB1</em> alleviates mepivacaine‑induced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 2 (2026): 71. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13781
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