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Preliminary exploration of the putative function of SF3A2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

  • Authors:
    • Ru Chen
    • Jie Xu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Putian City, Putian, Fujian 351110, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 79
    |
    Published online on: January 5, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13789
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Abstract

Splicing factor 3a subunit 2 (SF3A2) has been implicated in an increasing number of tumor types; however, at present, its role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to preliminarily explore the putative function of SF3A2 in ccRCC. To meet this aim, SF3A2 expression in ccRCC tissues was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma dataset and conducted reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining of ccRCC cell models to validate its functional roles. To evaluate the impact of SF3A2 expression on the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells, Cell Counting Kit‑8 assays, colony formation assays, Transwell assays and an in vivo xenograft model were employed. Furthermore, western blot analysis was performed to explore which proteins may be involved in the underlying mechanisms of the effects of SF3A2 in ccRCC progression. SF3A2 was found to be markedly upregulated in ccRCC cells and tissues, and its high expression was associated with poor prognosis. The functional assays and in vivo experiments revealed that SF3A2 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of the ccRCC cells, whereas its overexpression enhanced these processes. In terms of the underlying mechanism, SF3A2 was shown to promote ccRCC progression via activation of the AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study identified SF3A2 upregulation as a prognostic marker in ccRCC, which was associated with poor clinical outcomes and accelerated tumor progression. Mechanistically, SF3A2 exerted tumor‑promoting effects through the AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings positioned SF3A2 as a dual‑functional biomarker with translational potential, facilitating prognostic stratification and presenting therapeutic targeting opportunities for ccRCC management.
View Figures

Figure 1

SF3A2 is highly expressed in ccRCC
and is associated with poorer prognosis. (A) Pan-cancer analysis of
SF3A2 mRNA expression (according to The Cancer Genome
Atlas/Genotype-Tissue Expression databases). ccRCC tissues
(indicated by the red box) exhibited significant upregulation
compared with normal tissues (*P<0.05, **P<0.01
***P<0.001; unpaired t-test). (B) Violin plot comparing SF3A2
mRNA levels in ccRCC tumor tissues vs. normal tissues (unpaired
t-test). Paired analysis confirmed increased SF3A2 expression in
ccRCC tumor tissues compared with matched normal tissues
(***P<0.001; paired t-test). (C) Kaplan-Meier overall survival
curves of patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Renal Clear
Cell Carcinoma dataset stratified by SF3A2 expression (median
cut-off). Survival differences were evaluated using the log-rank
test. (D) Immunohistochemical staining, showing weak SF3A2
expression in normal kidney tissues and strong nuclear localization
of SF3A2 in ccRCC tumors. All images were captured at ×200
magnification. (E) Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis
of SF3A2 expression in ccRCC cell lines (786-O, 769-P, OSRC-2, A498
and ACHN) compared with HK-2 normal cells, showing increased SF3A2
mRNA expression in four of the tested cell lines (***P<0.001; ns
in the ACHN cell line; one-way ANOVA). Western blot analysis
confirmed that SF3A2 protein was upregulated in 786-O and OSRC-2
cell lines compared to the HK-2 cell line. ccRCC, clear cell renal
cell carcinoma; ns, not significant; SF3A2, splicing factor 3a
subunit 2; TPM, transcripts per million.

Figure 2

SF3A2 promotes the proliferation and
colony formation of renal cancer cells. (A) Western blot analysis
of SF3A2 modulation in 786-O and OSRC-2 cells is shown. Effective
knockdown (sh1/sh2) and overexpression of SF3A2 was demonstrated
compared with the controls (NC/Vector). (B) Reverse
transcription-quantitative PCR assays were performed, confirming
SF3A2 transcriptional regulation in 786-O/OSRC-2 cells
(***P<0.001; two-group comparisons were analyzed using unpaired
t-tests, and three-group comparisons were evaluated using one-way
ANOVA). (C) Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, demonstrating
SF3A2-dependent proliferation. (D) sh1/sh2-SF3A2 groups exhibited
suppressed proliferation, whereas the overexpression group
exhibited enhanced proliferation rates (***P<0.001; two-group
comparisons were analyzed using unpaired t-tests, and three-group
comparisons were evaluated using one-way ANOVA). (E) Colony
formation assay showed that SF3A2 expression regulated clonogenic
growth. sh-SF3A2 reduced colony formation. (F) OE promoted
clonogenicity (quantified as relative colony counts; ***P<0.001;
unpaired t-test). NC, negative control; OD, optical density; OE,
overexpression vector; SF3A2, splicing factor 3a subunit 2; sh,
short hairpin RNA.

Figure 3

SF3A2 promotes the migration and
invasion of renal cancer cells (786-O and OSRC-2). (A) Transduction
with sh-SF3A2 (knockdown of SF3A2 expression) suppressed
786-O/OSRC-2 cell migration compared with that in the NC group
(**P<0.01; *P<0.05 and three-group comparisons were evaluated
using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test).
Representative images and quantified Transwell results are shown.
(B) The SF3A2 overexpression group exhibited enhanced migration
compared with the Vector control (***P<0.001; unpaired t-test).
(C) The sh-SF3A2 groups exhibited attenuated invasion in both the
tested cell lines compared with the NC group. (D) Upregulation of
SF3A2 in the OE-SF3A2 group augmented the invasive potential of the
cells (***P<0.001; unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test). Data
are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments.
Scale bar, 100 µm. NC, negative control; OE, overexpression; SF3A2,
splicing factor 3a subunit 2; sh, short hairpin RNA.

Figure 4

SF3A2 promotes the proliferation and
colony formation of renal cancer cells through activation of the
AKT pathway. (A) Western blot analysis of AKT signaling in
786-O/OSRC-2 cells. sh-SF3A2 transduction selectively reduced AKT
phosphorylation (p-AKT) without affecting total protein levels; by
contrast, SC79-mediated AKT activation reversed phosphorylation
deficits in the sh-SF3A2 cells. (B) sh-SF3A2 attenuated cellular
proliferation (as determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay),
although this reduction in cell proliferation was reversed by the
AKT agonist SC79 (***P<0.001; statistical analysis was performed
at the endpoint using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc
test). Colony formation assays of (C) 786-O and (D) OSRC-2 cells.
The observed reductions in cell numbers induced by sh-SF3A2 were
reversed through AKT pathway activation (***P<0.001; one-way
ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test). Representative colony
images are shown alongside quantification of the counted colonies.
Data are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent
experiments. NC, negative control; ns, not significant; OD, optical
density; p-, phosphorylated; A450, absorbance at 450 nm; SF3A2,
splicing factor 3a subunit 2; sh, short hairpin RNA.

Figure 5

Knockdown of SF3A2 using sh-1
inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft model. (A) Representative
excised xenograft tumors from the NC and shSF3A2 groups, with a
ruler included as an external size reference. (B) Longitudinal
monitoring of tumor growth kinetics. sh-SF3A2 was found to
significantly attenuate tumor volume progression (***P<0.001;
unpaired t-test). (C) Endpoint tumor weight quantification,
demonstrating sh-SF3A2-dependent tumor suppression (***P<0.001;
unpaired t-test). (D) Representative H&E staining of tumor
sections, demonstrating the overall histological architecture.
Immunohistochemical staining of PCNA (as a proliferation marker)
and p-AKT (for signaling pathway activity) in xenograft tumors was
performed. PCNA-positive nuclei and cytoplasmic p-AKT staining were
found to be markedly reduced in the sh-SF3A2 group compared with
the NC group (scale bar, 100 µm). (E) Quantification of the
positive area per field (*P<0.05; **P<0.01; unpaired
two-tailed Student's t-test). NC, negative control; p-,
phosphorylated; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; SF3A2,
splicing factor 3a subunit 2; sh, short hairpin RNA.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen R and Xu J: Preliminary exploration of the putative function of SF3A2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 33: 79, 2026.
APA
Chen, R., & Xu, J. (2026). Preliminary exploration of the putative function of SF3A2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 79. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13789
MLA
Chen, R., Xu, J."Preliminary exploration of the putative function of SF3A2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.3 (2026): 79.
Chicago
Chen, R., Xu, J."Preliminary exploration of the putative function of SF3A2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 3 (2026): 79. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13789
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen R and Xu J: Preliminary exploration of the putative function of SF3A2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 33: 79, 2026.
APA
Chen, R., & Xu, J. (2026). Preliminary exploration of the putative function of SF3A2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 79. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13789
MLA
Chen, R., Xu, J."Preliminary exploration of the putative function of SF3A2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.3 (2026): 79.
Chicago
Chen, R., Xu, J."Preliminary exploration of the putative function of SF3A2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 3 (2026): 79. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13789
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