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![ECH treatment upregulates functional
expression of CatSper channels in spermatozoa from rats with
asthenozoospermia. (A) CatSper1, (B) CatSper2, (C) CatSper3 and (D)
CatSper4 protein abundance in sperm; n=5–6 rats per group.
Representative fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester fluorescence images of
sperm before and after 30 mM NH4Cl stimulation in (E)
NS, (F) ECH, (G) NS + NNC and (H) ECH + NNC group. Arrows indicate
[Ca2+]i fluorescent signals in response to
NH4Cl. Scale bar, 10 µm. (I) Representative single-sperm
fluorescence traces. (J) Normalized [Ca2+]i
responses in all tested sperm. (K) Summary plot of normalized
[Ca2+]i signals after NH4Cl
treatment (n=27–33 sperm per group from 5–6 rats). NS group:
Ornidazole + normal saline; ECH group: Ornidazole + ECH. Data are
presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001; Unpaired t-test. ECH, echinacoside;
NS, normal saline; NNC, NNC 55-0396; CatSper, cation channel of
sperm; [Ca2+]i, intracellular calcium levels;
F340, fluorescence at 340 nm; F380, fluorescence at 380 nm.](/article_images/mmr/33/3/mmr-33-03-13794-g04.jpg)
![Functional activation of CatSper
channels in human sperm by ECH treatment. Sperm motility parameters
in healthy subjects: (A) Grade A, (B) grade A + B and (C) grade A +
B + C sperm. Sperm motility parameters in patients with AZS: (D)
Grade A, (E) grade A + B and (F) grade A + B + C sperm. n=6–7
subjects per group. (G-J) Representative fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester
fluorescence images of human sperm before and after 30 mM
NH4Cl stimulation. Arrows indicate
[Ca2+]i responses. Scale bar, 10 µm. (K)
Representative single-sperm fluorescence traces. (L) Normalized
[Ca2+]i responses in all tested sperm. (M)
Summary plot of normalized [Ca2+]i signals
after NH4Cl treatment (n=33–36 sperm per group from 5–6
subjects). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. Paired t-test for (A-F),
unpaired t-test for (M). ECH, echinacoside; AZS, asthenozoospermia;
[Ca2+]i, intracellular calcium levels; NS,
normal saline; HS, healthy subjects; F340, fluorescence at 340 nm;
F380, fluorescence at 380 nm.](/article_images/mmr/33/3/mmr-33-03-13794-g06.jpg)
