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Review Open Access

T‑cadherin and its impact on human diseases (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yan Song
    • Xinyi Wang
    • Yunfei Bian
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    Affiliations: The Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Song et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 110
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    Published online on: February 5, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13820
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Abstract

Truncated‑cadherin (T‑cadherin) is a distinct glycosylphosphatidylinositol‑anchored atypical cadherin that differs from classical cadherins since it does not have transmembrane and intracellular domains. It primarily functions as a dual receptor, serving as a physiological receptor for low‑density lipoprotein (LDL) and a specific receptor for high‑molecular‑weight (HMW) adiponectin. Upon binding to LDL, T‑cadherin activates calcium signaling, thereby promoting cell proliferation and migration and contributing to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Conversely, its interaction with HMW adiponectin mediates cardiovascular protective effects through various mechanisms, such as increased exosome secretion, reduced intracellular ceramide accumulation, improved insulin sensitivity and anti‑inflammatory actions. T‑cadherin is predominantly expressed in cardiovascular tissues, such as endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, pericytes and cardiomyocytes. Genetic polymorphisms in cadherin‑13, the gene encoding T‑cadherin, are notably associated with the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes and end‑stage renal disease. In cancer, T‑cadherin generally has tumor‑suppressive effects, particularly in gastric, ovarian and breast cancers. This function is often compromised by promoter region hypermethylation, which leads to gene silencing and subsequently inhibits key signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β‑catenin and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition pathways. The present review provided a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms, regulation of expression and potential clinical importance of T‑cadherin as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension and heart failure, metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, and various cancers. Further research is required to fully elucidate the signal transduction pathways and competitive dynamics of T‑cadherin ligand binding.

View Figures

Figure 1

T-cadherin modulates atherosclerosis
through adiponectin signaling, insulin sensitivity and cholesterol
transport. The figure summarizes the structure and pleiotropic
functions of T-cadherin. (A) Molecular architecture of T-cadherin.
The preproprotein consists of a signal pre-peptide, five
extracellular cadherin repeats, EC1-EC5, and a C-terminal GPI
anchor. The EC1 and EC2 domains are necessary for adiponectin
binding and the GPI anchor targets the protein to membrane lipid
rafts. (B) Adiponectin signaling and ceramide export. The binding
of HMW-APN to T-cadherin triggers two important events: i)
Activation of the ERK1/2/MAPK pathway, which promotes tissue repair
and cell proliferation; and ii) adiponectin sequestration into
multivesicular bodies, enhancing exosome biogenesis and secretion.
This process concurrently exports intracellular ceramide, a lipid
that inhibits insulin signaling. (C) Promotion of macrophage
cholesterol efflux. The CTRP15/T-cadherin axis downregulates
miR-101-3p, which directly represses the cholesterol transporter
ABCA1. This enhances ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux, reducing
lipid accumulation in macrophages and slowing the progression of
atherosclerosis. (D) Inhibition of insulin signaling by ceramide.
High intracellular ceramide levels block the PI3K/Akt pathway
either by inhibiting the PKB/Akt pathway or by activating PKCζ,
ultimately preventing GLUT4 translocation to the membrane and
reducing cellular glucose uptake, which fosters insulin resistance.
(E) Consequences of T-cadherin loss. T-cadherin deficiency: i)
Promotes apoptosis and reduces bioavailable nitric oxide via
diminished Akt phosphorylation and endothelial nitric oxide
synthase activity; and ii) ablates T-cadherin binding to LDL,
preventing the activation of PLC/PIP2/IP3 signaling and subsequent
calcium release, which are important for normal endothelial
function and cell motility. LDL, low-density lipoprotein; miR,
microRNA; ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; Akt, Protein
kinase B; CTRP15, C1q/TNF-related protein 15; EC1-EC5,
extracellular cadherin repeats 1–5; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide
synthase; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2;
GLUT4, glucose transporter type 4; GPI,
glycosylphosphatidylinositol; HMW-APN, high-molecular-weight
adiponectin; IP3, inositol trisphosphate; MAPK, mitogen-activated
protein kinase; miR-101-3p, microRNA-101-3p; NO, nitric oxide,
PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIP, phosphatidylinositol
4,5-bisphosphate; PKB, protein kinase B; PKCζ, protein kinase C ζ;
PLC, phospholipase C.

Figure 2

T-cadherin upregulation inhibits EMT
by inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The illustration depicts
the mechanism through which T-cadherin suppresses core signaling
that drives the EMT. Initiation of this suppression at the membrane
requires T-cadherin upregulation that downregulates the Wnt
co-receptor LRP5/6, impairing the canonical Wnt signaling pathway
initiated by Wnt ligands binding to Frizzled receptors. The
cytoplasmic signaling cascade is as follows: In the absence of the
Wnt signal, GSK3β remains active, involving a lack of
phosphorylation at Ser9. Active GSK3β then phosphorylates
β-catenin, marking it for proteasomal degradation. This prevents
β-catenin accumulation and its translocation into the nucleus.
Nuclear transcriptional regulation is mediated by the loss of
nuclear β-catenin, leading to reduced transcription of its target
genes, including the key EMT transcription factor SNAI1. Reduced
SNAI1 levels cause a reversal of EMT markers, manifested by the
upregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and the
downregulation of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N-cadherin,
thereby counteracting the invasive and metastatic phenotype that
accompanies EMT. T-CAD, T-cadherin; LRP5/6, low-density lipoprotein
receptor-related protein 5/6; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β;
Ser9, serine 9; P, phosphate group; SNAI1, zinc finger protein
SNAI1; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; E-cadherin,
epithelial-cadherin; N-cadherin, neural-cadherin.
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Spandidos Publications style
Song Y, Wang X and Bian Y: <p>T‑cadherin and its impact on human diseases (Review)</p>. Mol Med Rep 33: 110, 2026.
APA
Song, Y., Wang, X., & Bian, Y. (2026). <p>T‑cadherin and its impact on human diseases (Review)</p>. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13820
MLA
Song, Y., Wang, X., Bian, Y."<p>T‑cadherin and its impact on human diseases (Review)</p>". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.4 (2026): 110.
Chicago
Song, Y., Wang, X., Bian, Y."<p>T‑cadherin and its impact on human diseases (Review)</p>". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 4 (2026): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13820
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Song Y, Wang X and Bian Y: <p>T‑cadherin and its impact on human diseases (Review)</p>. Mol Med Rep 33: 110, 2026.
APA
Song, Y., Wang, X., & Bian, Y. (2026). <p>T‑cadherin and its impact on human diseases (Review)</p>. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13820
MLA
Song, Y., Wang, X., Bian, Y."<p>T‑cadherin and its impact on human diseases (Review)</p>". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.4 (2026): 110.
Chicago
Song, Y., Wang, X., Bian, Y."<p>T‑cadherin and its impact on human diseases (Review)</p>". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 4 (2026): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13820
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