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Review Open Access

Insights into nuciferine: A natural multifunctional bioactive alkaloid (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yulin Liu
    • Xinye Li
    • Bo Huang
    • Xudong Lai
    • Baoqing Ye
    • Haixiong Miao
    • Lixian Zhang
    • Xifeng Xiong
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pain, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China, Department of Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China, Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China, Department of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China, Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China, Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China, Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 175
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    Published online on: April 22, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13885
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Abstract

Nuciferine (NF), an aporphine alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., has attracted considerable attention due to its wide range of pharmacological properties. The present review elucidates the multifaceted biological activities of NF, which encompass immunomodulatory and antioxidative effects, neuroprotective, musculoskeletal‑protective, cardioprotective, metabolism‑regulating, antipsychotic and anticancer effects. Notably, the underlying mechanisms involve the modulation of key signaling pathways, such as AMP‑activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor α, TGF‑β1, Toll‑like receptor 4/NF‑κB and PI3K/Akt, which contribute to its metabolic regulation and anticancer properties. Furthermore, the present review discusses the findings of molecular docking simulations using an in silico approach, which offer valuable insights into the interactions of NF with various biological targets. However, despite its therapeutic potential, several challenges remain in translating the use of NF into clinical applications. These include concerns regarding its toxicity or undesirable effects, as well as issues associated with its bioavailability and drug delivery profile. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges to fully realize the therapeutic potential of NF across a range of diseases.
View Figures

Figure 1

Structure of nuciferine.

Figure 2

Multifunctional biological activities
of nuciferine. This figure was drawn by Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com). OSCC, oral squamous cell
carcinoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; LSCC, laryngeal squamous
cell carcinoma.

Figure 3

Anticancer effects of nuciferine in
various types of cancer through different molecular signaling
pathways. This figure was drawn by Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com). TRIM44, tripartite motif
containing 44; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; HSP90AA1, heat shock
protein 90 α family class A member; p-, phosphorylated; AMPK,
AMP-activated protein kinase; HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA
reductase; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; YAP, yes-associated
protein; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; VEGF-A,
vascular endothelial growth factor A; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal
transition.

Figure 4

Various molecular targets modulated
by nuciferine. HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; VEGF-A,
vascular endothelial growth factor A; TRIM44, tripartite motif
containing 44; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TRP, tyrosinase-related
protein; YAP, yes-associated protein; HMGCR,
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; ZEB, zinc finger E-box
binding homeobox; ATG, autophagy related; Cyto-c, cytochrome
c; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Figure 5

Drug delivery systems of nuciferine.
This figure was drawn by Figdraw (https://www.figdraw.com). PLGA, poly
lactic-co-glycolic acid; PLA, polylactic acid; NFEG,
nuciferine-epigallocatechin-3-gallate double-encapsulated microgel;
CS-NF, nuciferine-loaded chitosan hydrogel; mMSCs, mouse
mesenchymal stem cells.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Y, Li X, Huang B, Lai X, Ye B, Miao H, Zhang L and Xiong X: Insights into nuciferine: A natural multifunctional bioactive alkaloid (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 175, 2026.
APA
Liu, Y., Li, X., Huang, B., Lai, X., Ye, B., Miao, H. ... Xiong, X. (2026). Insights into nuciferine: A natural multifunctional bioactive alkaloid (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 175. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13885
MLA
Liu, Y., Li, X., Huang, B., Lai, X., Ye, B., Miao, H., Zhang, L., Xiong, X."Insights into nuciferine: A natural multifunctional bioactive alkaloid (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.6 (2026): 175.
Chicago
Liu, Y., Li, X., Huang, B., Lai, X., Ye, B., Miao, H., Zhang, L., Xiong, X."Insights into nuciferine: A natural multifunctional bioactive alkaloid (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 6 (2026): 175. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13885
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Y, Li X, Huang B, Lai X, Ye B, Miao H, Zhang L and Xiong X: Insights into nuciferine: A natural multifunctional bioactive alkaloid (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 175, 2026.
APA
Liu, Y., Li, X., Huang, B., Lai, X., Ye, B., Miao, H. ... Xiong, X. (2026). Insights into nuciferine: A natural multifunctional bioactive alkaloid (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 175. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13885
MLA
Liu, Y., Li, X., Huang, B., Lai, X., Ye, B., Miao, H., Zhang, L., Xiong, X."Insights into nuciferine: A natural multifunctional bioactive alkaloid (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.6 (2026): 175.
Chicago
Liu, Y., Li, X., Huang, B., Lai, X., Ye, B., Miao, H., Zhang, L., Xiong, X."Insights into nuciferine: A natural multifunctional bioactive alkaloid (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 6 (2026): 175. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13885
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