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Review Open Access

Oncogene c‑Myc: From molecular mechanism to targeted therapy (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jianjun Lu
    • Jing Zhu
    • Liqiong Zhang
    • Xiang Zheng
    • Shan Yang
    • Yatong Sang
    • Mingli Yang
    • Yu Tang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215200, P.R. China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Precision Medicine, Academy of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China, Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Lu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 182
    |
    Published online on: April 28, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13892
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Abstract

c‑Myc, a member of the MYC family, is an extensively studied proto‑oncogenic transcription factor that plays crucial roles in various biological processes of tumor cells, including proliferation, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, metabolic reprogramming, differentiation and genomic maintenance. Furthermore, in cancer therapeutics, c‑Myc may serve as a key factor influencing targeted drug efficacy and tumor drug resistance. This review comprehensively summarizes the structural characteristics of c‑Myc and its roles and key molecular mechanisms across various malignancies, as well as current strategies for c‑Myc‑targeted therapies and related clinical trials. Additionally, the existing challenges in c‑Myc research are discussed and future research directions are being outlined. The synthesis aims to provide novel insights for fundamental research, offer new perspectives for precision cancer therapy in clinical practice and ultimately bring renewed hope for cancer treatment.
View Figures

Figure 1

Structure of c-Myc. c-Myc protein
contains an unstructured N-terminal transcription regulatory domain
and a nuclear localization signal, and the C-terminus contains a
bHLH-Zip domain. The C-terminal bHLH-LZ domain (residues 357–439)
facilitates nuclear localization and dimerization with MAX. This
heterodimer binds E-box sequences (CACGTG) in target gene promoters
via disulfide bonds, initiating transcriptional activation.
bHLH-Zip, basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper; MAX, MYC
associated factor X.

Figure 2

The molecular mechanisms underlying
c-Myc's roles in cancer progression. Post-translational
modifications, such as phosphorylation and acetylation, modulate
c-Myc stability, localization and activity, influencing its ability
to regulate downstream oncogenic pathways. Studies revealed that
autophagy can either suppress or promote tumor growth, further
highlighting c-Myc's adaptive role in maintaining oncogenic
phenotypes under microenvironmental stress. Additionally, c-Myc
governs therapeutic resistance and metabolic adaptation. PTEN,
phosphatase and tensin homolog; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase.
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Lu J, Zhu J, Zhang L, Zheng X, Yang S, Sang Y, Yang M and Tang Y: Oncogene c‑Myc: From molecular mechanism to targeted therapy (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 182, 2026.
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Lu, J., Zhu, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, X., Yang, S., Sang, Y. ... Tang, Y. (2026). Oncogene c‑Myc: From molecular mechanism to targeted therapy (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 182. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13892
MLA
Lu, J., Zhu, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, X., Yang, S., Sang, Y., Yang, M., Tang, Y."Oncogene c‑Myc: From molecular mechanism to targeted therapy (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.6 (2026): 182.
Chicago
Lu, J., Zhu, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, X., Yang, S., Sang, Y., Yang, M., Tang, Y."Oncogene c‑Myc: From molecular mechanism to targeted therapy (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 6 (2026): 182. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13892
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Lu J, Zhu J, Zhang L, Zheng X, Yang S, Sang Y, Yang M and Tang Y: Oncogene c‑Myc: From molecular mechanism to targeted therapy (Review). Mol Med Rep 33: 182, 2026.
APA
Lu, J., Zhu, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, X., Yang, S., Sang, Y. ... Tang, Y. (2026). Oncogene c‑Myc: From molecular mechanism to targeted therapy (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 33, 182. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13892
MLA
Lu, J., Zhu, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, X., Yang, S., Sang, Y., Yang, M., Tang, Y."Oncogene c‑Myc: From molecular mechanism to targeted therapy (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33.6 (2026): 182.
Chicago
Lu, J., Zhu, J., Zhang, L., Zheng, X., Yang, S., Sang, Y., Yang, M., Tang, Y."Oncogene c‑Myc: From molecular mechanism to targeted therapy (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 33, no. 6 (2026): 182. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13892
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