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Review Open Access

Role of RNA 5‑methylcytosine modification in cancer: Insights from coding and non‑coding RNAs (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Qin Jiang
    • Yi Gong
    • Mimi Zhai
    • Tenglong Tang
    • Sushun Liu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China, Nursing Department, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan 410015, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Jiang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 199
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    Published online on: May 20, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13909
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Abstract

RNA modifications serve notable roles in various biological processes, with >170 identified modifications. These modifications increase the complexity of RNA species by influencing their tertiary structure, biogenesis, localization and function. The combination of high‑throughput detection technologies and corresponding analytical workflows provides a precise 5‑methylcytosine (m5C) landscape, helping to elucidate its biological functions. The m5C methylation occurs in coding and non‑coding RNAs and is dynamically regulated by related enzymes, including methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers) and binding proteins (readers). m5C is involved in various physiological functions and regulates the progression of numerous types of tumors. Aberrant m5C RNA modifications contribute to the proliferation, migration and drug resistance of cancer cells, suggesting that targeting aberrant posttranscriptional modifications in cancer cells may hold promise as an efficient therapy for tumors. The present review systematically outlines the regulatory components of m5C modification, emphasizing their dynamic regulatory roles in RNA metabolism and function. The mechanisms by which m5C modification promotes tumor progression through the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration and drug resistance are summarized. The present review proposes that targeting abnormal m5C modifications could serve as a novel strategy for cancer treatment, offering new research directions in oncology.
View Figures

Figure 1

m5C modification in coding
and non-coding RNAs. NSUN family proteins, as ‘writers’ promote the
stability of downstream target mRNAs through m5C
methylation and facilitate mRNA nuclear export. The TET family,
which acts as ‘erasers’ removes methylation modifications, whereas
YBX1 or ALYREF, which act as ‘readers’ recognize methylated mRNA.
These processes mediate tumor cell development, metastasis and drug
resistance. The m5C modification in rRNA is linked to
ribosome synthesis and protein translation. The m5C
modification in lncRNAs affects interactions with RNA-binding
proteins. m5C, 5-methylcytosine; tRNA, transfer RNA;
rRNA, ribosomal RNA; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; NSUN,
NOL1/NOP2/SUN family; YBX1, Y-box binding protein 1; ALYREF,
Aly/REF export factor; TET, ten-eleven translocation.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Jiang Q, Gong Y, Zhai M, Tang T and Liu S: Role of RNA 5‑methylcytosine modification in cancer: Insights from coding and non‑coding RNAs (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 199, 2026.
APA
Jiang, Q., Gong, Y., Zhai, M., Tang, T., & Liu, S. (2026). Role of RNA 5‑methylcytosine modification in cancer: Insights from coding and non‑coding RNAs (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 199. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13909
MLA
Jiang, Q., Gong, Y., Zhai, M., Tang, T., Liu, S."Role of RNA 5‑methylcytosine modification in cancer: Insights from coding and non‑coding RNAs (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.1 (2026): 199.
Chicago
Jiang, Q., Gong, Y., Zhai, M., Tang, T., Liu, S."Role of RNA 5‑methylcytosine modification in cancer: Insights from coding and non‑coding RNAs (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 1 (2026): 199. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13909
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Jiang Q, Gong Y, Zhai M, Tang T and Liu S: Role of RNA 5‑methylcytosine modification in cancer: Insights from coding and non‑coding RNAs (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 199, 2026.
APA
Jiang, Q., Gong, Y., Zhai, M., Tang, T., & Liu, S. (2026). Role of RNA 5‑methylcytosine modification in cancer: Insights from coding and non‑coding RNAs (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 199. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13909
MLA
Jiang, Q., Gong, Y., Zhai, M., Tang, T., Liu, S."Role of RNA 5‑methylcytosine modification in cancer: Insights from coding and non‑coding RNAs (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.1 (2026): 199.
Chicago
Jiang, Q., Gong, Y., Zhai, M., Tang, T., Liu, S."Role of RNA 5‑methylcytosine modification in cancer: Insights from coding and non‑coding RNAs (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 1 (2026): 199. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13909
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