Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
July-2026 Volume 34 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2026 Volume 34 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Biomarkers of radioresistance in lung cancer: Current insights and future directions (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Fatima Zohra Attouahri
    • Imane Chaoui
    • Abdelilah Laraqui
    • Mohamed Rida Tagajdid
    • Mohammed Oukabli
    • Mohammed El Marjany
    • Meriem Khyatti
    • Mohammed Attaleb
    • Mouna Ababou
    • Khalid Ennibi
    • Khaoula Errafii
    • Mohammed El Mzibri
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Life Sciences, National Center for Nuclear Energy, Sciences and Techniques (CNESTEN), Rabat 10001, Morocco, Center of Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Rabat 10100, Morocco, Department of Pathology, Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital, Rabat 10100, Morocco, Department of Radiation Oncology, Mohamed V Military Teaching Hospital, Rabat 10100, Morocco, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Research, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca 20250, Morocco, Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology and Genome, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10050, Morocco, African Genome Centre, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir 43150, Morocco
    Copyright: © Attouahri et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 204
    |
    Published online on: May 21, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13914
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

Radiotherapy (RT) remains a cornerstone of lung cancer (LC) management, serving as either a definitive treatment or an adjuvant modality following surgical resection. Nevertheless, a major challenge for radiation oncologists is the emergence of radioresistance, whether intrinsic or acquired, which contributes to therapeutic failure, tumor recurrence, metastasis and ultimately to increased patient mortality. Radioresistance is a multifactorial process driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations that dysregulate key signal transduction pathways, enabling cancer cells to survive and adapt under radiotherapeutic stress. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying radioresistance is therefore essential to identify robust biomarkers for patient stratification, prognostication and therapeutic targeting. Such insights could enable individualized treatment strategies within the framework of precision oncology and inform the development of novel radiosensitization approaches to overcome resistance in LC. The present review synthesized current evidence on molecular biomarkers associated with RT resistance in LC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Overview of genetic biomarkers
implicated in lung cancer radioresistance. ctDNA, circulating tumor
DNA.

Figure 2

Summary of proteomic biomarkers
associated with lung cancer radioresistance. FBXO22, F-box protein
22; CSC, cancer stem cell; FASN, fatty acid synthase; VIM,
vimentin; GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78; PAI-2, plasminogen
activator inhibitor-2; NOMO2, nodal modulator 2; KLC4, kinesin
light chain 4; PLOD3, procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate
5-dioxygenase 3; FN1, fibronectin 1; COMP, cartilage oligomeric
matrix protein; FBLN5, fibulin-5; RASA2, Ras p21 protein activator;
PKP2, plakophilin 2; THBS1, thrombospondin 1; FLOT1, flotillin-1;
PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible
factor 1α; ANGPTL4, angiopoietin-like 4 protein; OPN, osteopontin;
CA IX, carbonic anhydrase IX; HSP, heat shock protein.

Figure 3

Summary of miRNA and long non-coding
RNA biomarkers associated with lung cancer radioresistance.
miRNA/miR, microRNA.

Figure 4

Key molecular biomarkers and
associated pathways contributing to radioresistance in lung cancer.
CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; CSC, cancer stem cell; ctDNA,
circulating tumor DNA; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition;
lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miRNA/miR, microRNA.

Figure 5

Strategies and prospects to advance
personalized RT. PDX, patient-derived xenograft; RT,
radiotherapy.
View References

1 

Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 74:229–263. 2024.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ruiz-Cordero R and Devine WP: Targeted therapy and checkpoint immunotherapy in lung cancer. Surg Pathol Clin. 13:17–33. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Travis WD, Brambilla E, Nicholson AG, Yatabe Y, Austin JHM, Beasley MB, Chirieac LR, Dacic S, Duhig E, Flieder DB, et al: The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Lung Tumors: Impact of Genetic, Clinical and Radiologic Advances Since the 2004 Classification. J Thorac Oncol. 10:1243–1260. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Schwartz AG and Cote ML: Epidemiology of lung cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 893:21–41. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Popper HH: Progression and metastasis of lung cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 35:75–91. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Vinod SK and Hau E: Radiotherapy treatment for lung cancer: Current status and future directions. Respirology. 25 (Suppl 2):S61–S71. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Delaney GP and Barton MB: Evidence-based estimates of the demand for radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 27:70–76. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Giuranno L, Ient J, De Ruysscher D and Vooijs MA: Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Front Oncol. 9:8772019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Chandra RA, Keane FK, Voncken FEM and Thomas CR: Contemporary radiotherapy: Present and future. The Lancet. 398:171–184. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Wang Y, Gudikote J, Giri U, Yan J, Deng W, Ye R, Jiang W, Li N, Hobbs BP, Wang J, et al: RAD50 Expression is associated with poor clinical outcomes after radiotherapy for resected non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 24:341–350. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Ashrafi A, Akter Z, Modareszadeh P, Modareszadeh P, Berisha E, Alemi PS, Chacon Castro MDC, Deese AR and Zhang L: Current landscape of therapeutic resistance in lung cancer and promising strategies to overcome resistance. Cancers (Basel). 14:45622022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Salama JK and Vokes EE: New radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy approaches for non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 31:1029–1038. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Lee SY, Jeong EK, Ju MK, Jeon HM, Kim MY, Kim CH, Park HG, Han SI and Kang HS: Induction of metastasis, cancer stem cell phenotype, and oncogenic metabolism in cancer cells by ionizing radiation. Mol Cancer. 16:102017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Busato F, Khouzai BE and Mognato M: Biological mechanisms to reduce radioresistance and increase the efficacy of radiotherapy: State of the art. Int J Mol Sci. 23:102112022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Bivona TG and Doebele RC: A framework for understanding and targeting residual disease in oncogene-driven solid cancers. Nat Med. 22:472–478. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Kirsch DG, Diehn M, Kesarwala AH, Maity A, Morgan MA, Schwarz JK, Bristow R, Demaria S, Eke I, Griffin RJ, et al: The future of radiobiology. J Natl Cancer Inst. 110:329–340. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Sørensen BS, Andreassen CN and Alsner J: Molecular Biomarkers in Radiation Oncology. Radiation Oncology. Wenz F: Springer International Publishing, Cham; pp. 1–20. 2019, View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Baumann M, Krause M, Overgaard J, Debus J, Bentzen SM, Daartz J, Richter C, Zips D and Bortfeld T: Radiation oncology in the era of precision medicine. Nat Rev Cancer. 16:234–249. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Landeck L, Kneip C, Reischl J and Asadullah K: Biomarkers and personalized medicine: Current status and further perspectives with special focus on dermatology. Exp Dermatol. 25:333–339. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Zheng Q, Ding H, Wang L, Yan Y, Wan Y, Yi Y, Tao L and Zhu C: Circulating Exosomal miR-96 as a novel biomarker for radioresistant Non-Small-Cell lung cancer. J Oncol. 2021:58939812021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Scott JG, Berglund A, Schell MJ, Mihaylov I, Fulp WJ, Yue B, Welsh E, Caudell JJ, Ahmed K, Strom TS, et al: A genome-based model for adjusting radiotherapy dose (GARD): A retrospective, cohort-based study. Lancet Oncol. 18:202–211. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

The Promise of Precision Medicine. National Institutes of Health (NIH); 2020

23 

Peinado-Serrano J and Carnero A: Molecular radiobiology in Non-small cell lung cancer: Prognostic and predictive response factors. Cancers (Basel). 14:22022022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Yang WC, Hsu FM and Yang PC: Precision radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. J Biomed Sci. 27:822020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Nickoloff JA, Sharma N and Taylor L: Clustered DNA Double-strand breaks: Biological effects and relevance to cancer radiotherapy. Genes (Basel). 11:992020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Gopal P, Yard BD, Petty A, Lal JC, Bera TK, Hoang TQ, Buhimschi AD and Abazeed ME: The mutational landscape of cancer's Vulnerability to ionizing radiation. Clin Cancer Res. 28:5343–5358. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Zhu DQ, Liu Y, Yu ZJ, Zhang RH, Li AW, Gong FY, Wang W, Xiao W and Fan Q: The diverse analysis identifies mutated KRAS associated with radioresistance in Non-Small cell lung cancer. World J Oncol. 13:84–95. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Wang M, Kern AM, Hülskötter M, Greninger P, Singh A, Pan Y, Chowdhury D, Krause M, Baumann M, Benes CH, et al: EGFR-mediated chromatin condensation protects KRAS-mutant cancer cells against ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 74:2825–2834. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Wang M, Han J, Marcar L, Black J, Liu Q, Li X, Nagulapalli K, Sequist LV, Mak RH, Benes CH, et al: Radiation resistance in KRAS-mutated lung cancer is enabled by Stem-like properties mediated by an Osteopontin-EGFR pathway. Cancer Res. 77:2018–2028. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Gurtner K, Kryzmien Z, Koi L, Wang M, Benes CH, Hering S, Willers H, Baumann M and Krause M: Radioresistance of KRAS/TP53-mutated lung cancer can be overcome by radiation dose escalation or EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition in vivo. Int J Cancer. 147:472–477. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Tanaka K, Hida T, Oya Y, Oguri T, Yoshida T, Shimizu J, Horio Y, Hata A, Kaji R, Fujita S, et al: EGFR mutation impact on definitive concurrent chemoradiation therapy for inoperable stage III adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 10:1720–1725. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Lim YJ, Chang JH, Kim HJ, Keam B, Kim TM, Kim DW, Paeng JC, Kang KW, Chung JK, Jeon YK, et al: Superior treatment response and In-field tumor control in epidermal growth factor Receptor-mutant genotype of stage III nonsquamous Non-small cell lung cancer undergoing definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Clin Lung Cancer. 18:e169–e178. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Sampath S, Rashdan S, Iyengar P, Mickel TA, Zhang S, Ahn C, Gao A, Dowell JE, Zhang Y, Westover KD, et al: Osimertinib plus consolidative radiotherapy for advanced EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer: A multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. EClinicalMedicine. 87:1034352025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Binkley MS, Jeon YJ, Nesselbush M, Moding EJ, Nabet BY, Almanza D, Kunder C, Stehr H, Yoo CH, Rhee S, et al: KEAP1/NFE2L2 mutations predict lung cancer radiation resistance that can be targeted by glutaminase inhibition. Cancer Discov. 10:1826–1841. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Zhang X, Huang X, Cao Y, Mao Y, Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Chang L and Wang C: Dynamic analysis of predictive biomarkers for radiation therapy efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer patients by next-generation sequencing based on blood specimens. Pathol Res Pract. 253:1549722024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Su D, Ma S, Liu P, Jiang Z, Lv W, Zhang Y, Deng Q, Smith S and Yu H: Genetic polymorphisms and treatment response in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 56:281–288. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Bergamaschi D, Samuels Y, O'Neil NJ, Trigiante G, Crook T, Hsieh JK, O'Connor DJ, Zhong S, Campargue I, Tomlinson ML, et al: iASPP oncoprotein is a key inhibitor of p53 conserved from worm to human. Nat Genet. 33:162–167. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Jin JY, Wang W, Ten Haken RK, Chen J, Bi N, Sadek R, Zhang H, Lawrence TS and Kong FM: Use a survival model to correlate single-nucleotide polymorphisms of DNA repair genes with radiation Dose-response in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol. 117:77–82. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Yin M, Yan J, Martinez-Balibrea E, Graziano F, Lenz HJ, Kim HJ, Robert J, Im SA, Wang WS, Etienne-Grimaldi MC and Wei Q: ERCC1 and ERCC2 Polymorphisms predict clinical outcomes of Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapies in gastric and colorectal cancer: A systemic review and Meta-analysis. Clin Cancer Res. 17:1632–1640. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Yang Z and Liu Z: Potential functional variants in DNA repair genes are associated with efficacy and toxicity of radiotherapy in patients with Non-Small-cell lung cancer. J Oncol. 2020:31327862020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Kelsey CR, Jackson L, Langdon S, Owzar K, Hubbs J, Vujaskovic Z, Das S and Marks LB: A polymorphism within the promoter of the TGFβ1 gene is associated with radiation sensitivity using an objective radiologic endpoint. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 82:e247–e255. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Xu T, Wei Q, Lopez Guerra JL, Wang LE, Liu Z, Gomez D, O'Reilly M, Lin SH, Zhuang Y, Levy LB, et al: HSPB1 gene polymorphisms predict risk of mortality for US patients after radio(chemo)therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 84:e229–e235. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Guo H, Bai Y, Xu P, Hu Z, Liu L, Wang F, Jin G, Wang F, Deng Q, Tu Y, et al: Functional promoter-1271G>C variant of HSPB1 predicts lung cancer risk and survival. J Clin Oncol. 28:1928–1935. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Butkiewicz D, Krześniak M, Gdowicz-Kłosok A, Giglok M, Marszałek-Zeńczak M and Suwiński R: Polymorphisms in EGFR gene predict clinical outcome in unresectable Non-Small cell lung cancer treated with radiotherapy and Platinum-Based chemoradiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 22:56052021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Milas L, Fan Z, Andratschke NH and Ang KK: Epidermal growth factor receptor and tumor response to radiation: In vivo preclinical studies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 58:966–971. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Wen J, Liu H, Wang L, Wang X, Gu N, Liu Z, Xu T, Gomez DR, Komaki R, Liao Z and Wei Q: Potentially Functional variants of ATG16L2 predict radiation pneumonitis and outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after definitive radiotherapy. J Thorac Oncol. 13:660–675. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Torres-Roca JF, Eschrich S, Zhao H, Bloom G, Sung J, McCarthy S, Cantor AB, Scuto A, Li C, Zhang S, et al: Prediction of radiation sensitivity using a gene expression classifier. Cancer Res. 65:7169–7176. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Peinado-Serrano J, Quintanal-Villalonga Á, Muñoz-Galvan S, Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Mateos JC, Ortiz-Gordillo MJ and Carnero A: A Six-gene prognostic and predictive Radiotherapy-based signature for early and locally advanced stages in Non-Small-Cell lung cancer. Cancers (Basel). 14:20542022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Chen Y, Zhou C, Zhang X, Chen M, Wang M, Zhang L and Chen Y, Huang L, Sun J, Wang D and Chen Y: Construction of a novel radioresistance-related signature for prediction of prognosis, immune microenvironment and anti-tumour drug sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Med. 57:24479302025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Pustovalova M, Malakhov P, Guryanova A, Sorokin M, Suntsova M, Buzdin A, Osipov AN and Leonov S: Transcriptome-based traits of radioresistant sublines of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci. 24:30422023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Ma Q, Geng K, Xiao P and Zeng L: Identification and prognostic value exploration of radiotherapy Sensitivity-associated genes in Non-Small-Cell lung cancer. Biomed Res Int. 2021:59638682021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Zhao Y, Song Y, Zhao R, Zhao M and Huang Q: Gene panel of persister cells as a prognostic indicator for tumor repopulation after radiation. Front Oncol. 10:6077272020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Gao J, Lu F, Yan J, Wang R, Xia Y, Wang L, Li L, Chang L and Li W: The role of radiotherapy-related autophagy genes in the prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol. 13:9926262022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Guo W-F, Lin R-X, Huang J, Zhou Z, Yang J, Guo GZ and Wang SQ: Identification of differentially expressed genes contributing to radioresistance in lung cancer cells using microarray analysis. Radiat Res. 164:27–35. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Li Q, Shen L, Yang Y, Tai G, Zhu Q, Liu C, Ge Q and Yi Q: Investigating the role of Lactate-related genes in radiotherapy resistance of lung cancer by integrated bioinformatics and experiment validation. J Cancer. 16:3296–3313. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Xu Q, Yu Z, Mei Q, Shi K, Shen J, Gao G, Liu S and Li M: Keratin 6A (KRT6A) promotes radioresistance, invasion, and metastasis in lung cancer via p53 signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY). 16:7060–7072. 2024.PubMed/NCBI

57 

Diaz LA and Bardelli A: Liquid biopsies: Genotyping circulating tumor DNA. J Clin Oncol. 32:579–586. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Perillo A, Olufemi MVA, De Robbio J, Mancuso RM, Roscigno A, Tirozzi M and Scognamiglio IR: Liquid biopsy in NSCLC: A new challenge in radiation therapy. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2:156–173. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

59 

Osumi H, Shinozaki E, Yamaguchi K and Zembutsu H: Clinical utility of circulating tumor DNA for colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci. 110:1148–1155. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Yun HS, Baek JH, Yim JH, Um HD, Park JK, Song JY, Park IC, Kim JS, Lee SJ, Lee CW and Hwang SG: Radiotherapy diagnostic biomarkers in radioresistant human H460 lung cancer stem-like cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 17:208–218. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Nguyen GH, Murph MM and Chang JY: Cancer stem cell radioresistance and enrichment: Where frontline radiation therapy may fail in lung and esophageal cancers. Cancers (Basel). 3:1232–1252. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Afsar CU and Uysal P: HIF-1α Levels in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 65:1295–1299. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Zhang Y, Liu X, Zeng L, Zhao X, Chen Q, Pan Y, Bai Y, Shao C and Zhang J: Exosomal protein angiopoietin-like 4 mediated radioresistance of lung cancer by inhibiting ferroptosis under hypoxic microenvironment. Br J Cancer. 127:1760–1772. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Ostheimer C, Gunther S, Bache M, Vordermark D and Multhoff G: Dynamics of heat shock protein 70 serum levels as a predictor of clinical response in Non-Small-Cell lung cancer and correlation with the Hypoxia-Related marker osteopontin. Front Immunol. 8:13052017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Ostheimer C, Bache M, Güttler A, Kotzsch M and Vordermark D: A pilot study on potential plasma hypoxia markers in the radiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 190:276–282. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Dehing-Oberije C, Aerts H, Yu S, De Ruysscher D, Menheere P, Hilvo M, van der Weide H, Rao B and Lambin P: Development and validation of a prognostic model using blood biomarker information for prediction of survival of non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with combined chemotherapy and radiation or radiotherapy alone (NCT00181519, NCT00573040, and NCT00572325). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 81:360–368. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Sui X, Jiang L, Teng H, Mi L, Li B, Shi A, Yu R, Li D, Dong X, Yang D, et al: Prediction of clinical outcome in locally advanced Non-Small cell lung cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy by plasma markers. Front Oncol. 10:6259112021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Li K, Wang S, Li N, Zhao W, He N, Wang J, Ji K, Zhang M, Song H, Liu Q and Du L: Prognostic biomarkers after radiotherapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer based on bioinformatics analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2022:64052282022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Yao G, Tang J, Yang X, Zhao Y, Zhou R, Meng R, Zhang S, Dong X, Zhang T, Yang K, et al: Cyclin K interacts with β-catenin to induce Cyclin D1 expression and facilitates tumorigenesis and radioresistance in lung cancer. Theranostics. 10:11144–11158. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Cheng C, Pei X, Li SW, Yang J, Li C, Tang J, Hu K, Huang G, Min WP and Sang Y: CRISPR/Cas9 library screening uncovered methylated PKP2 as a critical driver of lung cancer radioresistance by stabilizing β-catenin. Oncogene. 40:2842–2857. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Baek JH, Yun HS, Kwon GT, Lee J, Kim JY, Jo Y, Cho JM, Lee CW, Song JY, Ahn J, et al: PLOD3 suppression exerts an anti-tumor effect on human lung cancer cells by modulating the PKC-delta signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis. 10:1562019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Li J, Zong Y, Tuo Z and Liu J and Liu J: The role of RASA2 in predicting radioresistance in lung cancer through regulation of p53. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 13:587–602. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Chen Y, Zhou Y, Feng X, Wu Z, Yang Y, Rao X, Zhou R, Meng R, Dong X, Xu S, et al: Targeting FBXO22 enhances radiosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by inhibiting the FOXM1/Rad51 axis. Cell Death Dis. 15:1042024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Ji NN, Li SN, Shao L, Li Q, Xu JN and Zeng YC: MDMX enhances radiosensitivity in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting P53-mediated autophagy. Cell Oncol. 48:1067–1088. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Reno KE, Costa-Terryll A, Park SH, Hughes RT, Farris MK, Xing F and Willey JS: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein promotes radiation resistance in non-small cell lung cancer in vitro. Int J Mol Sci. 26:24652025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Zhang R, Yan W, Yuan J, Ma Y, Ren Z, Chen X, Lv J, Wu M, Yu J and Chen D: Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived fibulin-5 promotes radioresistance in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Rep. 44:1160182025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Wang Y, Meng L, Meng S, Huang L, Luo S, Wu X and Gong X: Flotillin-1 enhances radioresistance through reducing radiation-induced DNA damage and promoting immune escape via STING signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 24:22033322023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Alessi JV, Ricciuti B, Wang X, Pecci F, Di Federico A, Lamberti G, Elkrief A, Rodig SJ, Lebow ES, Eicholz JE, et al: Impact of TMB/PD-L1 expression and pneumonitis on chemoradiation and durvalumab response in stage III NSCLC. Nat Commun. 14:42382023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Lei Z, He J, Yang H, Zhang L, Lai T, Zhou L, Tang Z, Sui J and Wu Y: Global profiling of transcriptome, proteome and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome in radioresistant lung adenocarcinoma cell. BMC Genomics. 25:9232024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Delikgoz Soykut E, Kemal Y, Karacin C, Karaoglanoglu O, Kurt M and Aytac Arslan S: Prognostic impact of immune inflammation biomarkers in predicting survival and radiosensitivity in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 66:146–157. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Kim EH, Park AK, Dong SM, Ahn JH and Park WY: Global analysis of CpG methylation reveals epigenetic control of the radiosensitivity in lung cancer cell lines. Oncogene. 29:4725–4731. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Pernía O, Belda-Iniesta C, Pulido V, Cortes-Sempere M, Rodriguez C, Vera O, Soto J, Jiménez J, Taus A, Rojo F, et al: Methylation status of IGFBP-3 as a useful clinical tool for deciding on a concomitant radiotherapy. Epigenetics. 9:1446–1453. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Koturbash I and Griffin RJ: Harnessing epigenetics and metabolism to modulate tissue response to radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol. 95:379–381. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Hammond SM: An overview of microRNAs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 87:3–14. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Angerilli V, Galuppini F, Businello G, Dal Santo L, Savarino E, Realdon S, Guzzardo V, Nicolè L, Lazzarin V, Lonardi S, et al: MicroRNAs as predictive biomarkers of resistance to targeted therapies in gastrointestinal tumors. Biomedicines. 9:3182021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Salim H, Akbar NS, Zong D, Vaculova AH, Lewensohn R, Moshfegh A, Viktorsson K and Zhivotovsky B: miRNA-214 modulates radiotherapy response of non-small cell lung cancer cells through regulation of p38MAPK, apoptosis and senescence. Br J Cancer. 107:1361–1373. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Yuan Y, Liao H, Pu Q, Ke X, Hu X, Ma Y, Luo X, Jiang Q, Gong Y, Wu M, et al: miR-410 induces both epithelial-mesenchymal transition and radioresistance through activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 5:852020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Lv J, An J, Zhang YD, Li ZX, Zhao GL, Gao J, Hu WW, Chen HM, Li AM and Jiang QS: A three serum miRNA panel as diagnostic biomarkers of radiotherapy-related metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett. 20:2362020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Chen X, Xu Y, Liao X, Liao R, Zhang L, Niu K, Li T, Li D, Chen Z, Duan Y and Sun J: Plasma miRNAs in predicting radiosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumor Biol. 37:11927–11936. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Chen X, Wu L, Li D, Xu Y, Zhang L, Niu K, Kong R, Gu J, Xu Z, Chen Z and Sun J: Radiosensitizing effects of miR-18a-5p on lung cancer stem-like cells via downregulating both ATM and HIF-1α. Cancer Med. 7:3834–3847. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Zhang Y and Hu X: miR-148a promotes cell sensitivity through downregulating SOS2 in radiation-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett. 23:1352022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Han F, Huang D, Huang X, Wang W, Yang S and Chen S: Exosomal microRNA-26b-5p down-regulates ATF2 to enhance radiosensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells. J Cell Mol Med. 24:7730–7742. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Zhang Y and Xu H: Serum exosomal miR-378 upregulation is associated with poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 34:e232372020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Santosh B, Varshney A and Yadava PK: Non-coding RNAs: Biological functions and applications. Cell Biochem Funct. 33:14–22. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Fu W, Zhao J, Hu W, Dai L, Jiang Z, Zhong S, Deng B, Huang Y, Wu W and Yin J: LINC01224/ZNF91 promote stem cell-like properties and drive radioresistance in Non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 13:5671–5681. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Song J, Zhang S, Sun Y, Gu J, Ye Z, Sun X and Tang Q: A Radioresponse-related lncRNA biomarker signature for risk classification and prognosis prediction in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Oncol. 2021:43388382021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Wang Z, Liu L, Du Y, Mi Y and Wang L: The HNF1A-AS1/miR-92a-3p axis affects the radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer by competitively regulating the JNK pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol. 37:715–729. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Brownmiller T, Juric JA, Ivey AD, Harvey BM, Westemeier ES, Winters MT, Stevens AM, Stanley AN, Hayes KE, Sprowls SA, et al: Y chromosome LncRNA are involved in radiation response of male Non-Small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res. 80:4046–4057. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Gu A, Li J, Li MY and Liu Y: Patient-derived xenograft model in cancer: Establishment and applications. MedComm. 6:e700592025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Attouahri F, Chaoui I, Laraqui A, Tagajdid M, Oukabli M, El Marjany M, Khyatti M, Attaleb M, Ababou M, Ennibi K, Ennibi K, et al: Biomarkers of radioresistance in lung cancer: Current insights and future directions (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 204, 2026.
APA
Attouahri, F., Chaoui, I., Laraqui, A., Tagajdid, M., Oukabli, M., El Marjany, M. ... El Mzibri, M. (2026). Biomarkers of radioresistance in lung cancer: Current insights and future directions (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 204. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13914
MLA
Attouahri, F., Chaoui, I., Laraqui, A., Tagajdid, M., Oukabli, M., El Marjany, M., Khyatti, M., Attaleb, M., Ababou, M., Ennibi, K., Errafii, K., El Mzibri, M."Biomarkers of radioresistance in lung cancer: Current insights and future directions (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.1 (2026): 204.
Chicago
Attouahri, F., Chaoui, I., Laraqui, A., Tagajdid, M., Oukabli, M., El Marjany, M., Khyatti, M., Attaleb, M., Ababou, M., Ennibi, K., Errafii, K., El Mzibri, M."Biomarkers of radioresistance in lung cancer: Current insights and future directions (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 1 (2026): 204. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13914
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Attouahri F, Chaoui I, Laraqui A, Tagajdid M, Oukabli M, El Marjany M, Khyatti M, Attaleb M, Ababou M, Ennibi K, Ennibi K, et al: Biomarkers of radioresistance in lung cancer: Current insights and future directions (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 204, 2026.
APA
Attouahri, F., Chaoui, I., Laraqui, A., Tagajdid, M., Oukabli, M., El Marjany, M. ... El Mzibri, M. (2026). Biomarkers of radioresistance in lung cancer: Current insights and future directions (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 204. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13914
MLA
Attouahri, F., Chaoui, I., Laraqui, A., Tagajdid, M., Oukabli, M., El Marjany, M., Khyatti, M., Attaleb, M., Ababou, M., Ennibi, K., Errafii, K., El Mzibri, M."Biomarkers of radioresistance in lung cancer: Current insights and future directions (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.1 (2026): 204.
Chicago
Attouahri, F., Chaoui, I., Laraqui, A., Tagajdid, M., Oukabli, M., El Marjany, M., Khyatti, M., Attaleb, M., Ababou, M., Ennibi, K., Errafii, K., El Mzibri, M."Biomarkers of radioresistance in lung cancer: Current insights and future directions (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 1 (2026): 204. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13914
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team