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Review Open Access

Mechanisms of pruritus and advances in traditional Chinese medicine therapy (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Hailing Zhang
    • Yongji Li
    • Yuan Liu
    • Danyi Feng
    • Letao Zhao
    • Ran Chen
    • Xiwu Zhang
    • Jinjin Dou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150006, P.R. China, Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150006, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 207
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    Published online on: May 22, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13917
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Abstract

Pruritus is a multifaceted and complicated symptom with an increasing global incidence as a result of increased environmental stressors and aging populations, making it a notable public health concern. Although research has investigated the multifaceted pathophysiological causes of pruritus, the entire range of pathophysiological processes is currently unknown. Furthermore, contemporary Western medicines continue to have drawbacks, including low efficacy and marked side effects. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), on the other hand, exhibits notable therapeutic potential in the treatment of pruritus due to its systemic regulatory benefits via multicomponent, multitarget and multichannel processes. The present review outlines the current understanding of the pathogenesis of pruritus and summarizes contemporary therapeutic approaches established in TCM, with a focus on summarizing the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of active constituents found in single‑agent treatment herbal remedies and compound formulations. The aim of the present review is to provide a theoretical foundation and strategic advice for the development and clinical translation of novel TCM medications with extensive regulatory functions.
View Figures

Figure 1

Transmission process of pruritus in
the skin. Histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch pathways. FcεR1,
Fc ε receptor 1; MRGPRB2/X2, mas-related G protein coupled
receptor-B2/X2; TLR, toll-like receptor; TRPV, transient receptor
potential vanilloid; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; H1/4R, histamine
receptor type 1 and 4; PAR, protease-activated receptor; BNP, brain
natriuretic peptide; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; ET-1,
endothelin 1; CTSS, cathepsin S; NGF, nerve growth factor; ENK,
enkephalin; SP, substance P; CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide;
NPR1, natriuretic peptide receptor 1; Th2, T-helper 2 cell.

Figure 2

Transmission of pruriceptive signals
from the skin to the spinal cord and central nervous system.

Figure 3

Receptors and ion channels involved
in pruritus. Under conditions of cutaneous disorders or pruritogen
exposure, these receptors and ion channels exhibit activation and
mediate key functions in the pathogenesis of pruritus. BAM, bovine
adrenal medulla; SP, substance P; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; Th2,
T-helper 2 cell; MRGPR, MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor;
PAR, protease-activated receptor; TRPV, transient receptor
potential vanilloid; TRPC, transient receptor potential canonical;
SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TLR, toll-like
receptor; TRPM8, transient receptor potential melastatin 8; TSLP,
thymic stromal lymphopoietin; miRNA, microRNA; ET-1, endothelin 1;
NaV, voltage-gated sodium; H1/4R, histamine receptor type 1 and 4;
ST2, growth stimulation expressed gene 2; γ2-MSH, γ2-melanocyte
stimulation hormone; TRPA1, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1;
RACP, receptor accessory protein; 5-HTR, 5-hydroxytryptamine; NK1R,
neurokinin 1 receptor; OSMR, oncostatin M receptor; Rα1, receptor
α1; RA, receptor A; LPA, lysophosphatidic acid.

Figure 4

Brain regions associated with itch
localization, perception and motivation. SI, primary somatosensory
cortex; SII, secondary somatosensory cortex; CeA, central amygdala;
VTA, ventral tegmental area; PAG, periaqueductal gray matter; PBN,
parabrachial nucleus; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; SMA,
supplementary motor area; MCC, midcingulate cortex; ACC, anterior
cingulate cortex.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang H, Li Y, Liu Y, Feng D, Zhao L, Chen R, Zhang X and Dou J: Mechanisms of pruritus and advances in traditional Chinese medicine therapy (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 207, 2026.
APA
Zhang, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Feng, D., Zhao, L., Chen, R. ... Dou, J. (2026). Mechanisms of pruritus and advances in traditional Chinese medicine therapy (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 207. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13917
MLA
Zhang, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Feng, D., Zhao, L., Chen, R., Zhang, X., Dou, J."Mechanisms of pruritus and advances in traditional Chinese medicine therapy (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.1 (2026): 207.
Chicago
Zhang, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Feng, D., Zhao, L., Chen, R., Zhang, X., Dou, J."Mechanisms of pruritus and advances in traditional Chinese medicine therapy (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 1 (2026): 207. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13917
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang H, Li Y, Liu Y, Feng D, Zhao L, Chen R, Zhang X and Dou J: Mechanisms of pruritus and advances in traditional Chinese medicine therapy (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 207, 2026.
APA
Zhang, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Feng, D., Zhao, L., Chen, R. ... Dou, J. (2026). Mechanisms of pruritus and advances in traditional Chinese medicine therapy (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 207. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13917
MLA
Zhang, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Feng, D., Zhao, L., Chen, R., Zhang, X., Dou, J."Mechanisms of pruritus and advances in traditional Chinese medicine therapy (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.1 (2026): 207.
Chicago
Zhang, H., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Feng, D., Zhao, L., Chen, R., Zhang, X., Dou, J."Mechanisms of pruritus and advances in traditional Chinese medicine therapy (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 1 (2026): 207. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13917
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