Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
July-2026 Volume 34 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2026 Volume 34 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Targeting lipophagy in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Songhua Nan
    • Chaojie Peng
    • Xue Meng
    • Jingnan Jia
    • Fangfang Zhao
    • Yinglin Cui
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Guang'anmen Hospital China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, P.R. China, The Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Nan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 208
    |
    Published online on: May 22, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13918
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid accumulation within the arterial wall. The imbalance between cholesterol influx and efflux, coupled with persistent inflammation, drives the progression of plaque formation. Lipophagy, a selective form of autophagy, specifically targets lipid droplets for lysosomal degradation. Consequently, this process is a notable regulator of cellular lipid homeostasis. In the present review, the core regulatory networks of lipophagy were systematically summarized, including the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1/AMP‑activated protein kinase, transcription factor EB (TFEB) and farnesoid X receptor/cAMP response element‑binding protein signaling axes. The multidimensional roles of lipophagy in key cell types involved in AS are also discussed. For example, in macrophages, lipophagy stabilizes plaques by promoting cholesterol efflux and inhibiting foam cell formation; however, dysregulated lipophagy can exacerbate necrotic core formation. In vascular smooth muscle cells, lipophagy regulates phenotype switching and calcification and in endothelial cells, lipophagy mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation. Advances in therapeutic strategies targeting lipophagy were evaluated, ranging from pharmacological agents (such as statins and metformin) to natural compounds (such as berberine and geniposide) and Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas. In conclusion, targeting lipophagy represents a pivotal therapeutic frontier for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques; however, the broad application of autophagy inducers lacks precision. Future strategies should transition from generalized modulation to cell‑type specific interventions that precisely calibrate the sirtuin 1‑TFEB‑lipophagy axis. Furthermore, elucidating the ‘double‑edged’ role of lipophagy in late‑stage plaque outcomes is required for developing safe, clinically translatable modulators.
View Figures

Figure 1

Core mechanisms of lipophagy in AS
and therapeutically targetable pathways. Created with BioGDP.com
(142). (A) Core execution level:
Under lipotoxic stress, intracellular LDs are recognized and
sequestered by phagophores decorated with LC3-II, forming APs.
These APs subsequently fuse with lysosomes to generate
autolysosomes, in which lysosomal acid lipase hydrolyzes LDs. The
degradation products (free fatty acids) undergo mitochondrial
β-oxidation to produce ATP, while free cholesterol is expelled via
the ABCA1 transporter (cholesterol efflux). (B) Upstream regulatory
network: The initiation of lipophagy is strictly governed by
nutrient-sensing signaling cascades. AMPK activation triggers
autophagy by phosphorylating the ULK1/2 complex, whereas the
activated mTORC1 pathway suppresses this process. At the
transcriptional level, transcription factor EB serves as a master
regulator; its dephosphorylation facilitates nuclear translocation
to upregulate autophagy-related genes. Additionally, Sirt6
epigenetically promotes lipophagy, and the FXR-CREB axis modulates
this process: FXR inhibits the CREB-CRTC2 complex, suppressing
lipophagy, while PPARα counteracts this effect. (C) Pathological
manifestation level: In the arterial wall, impaired lipophagic flux
leads to massive lipid accumulation in macrophages, driving their
transformation into pro-inflammatory foam cells. Concurrently,
dysfunctional lipophagy in endothelial cells and vascular smooth
muscle cells exacerbates vascular inflammation and pathological
remodeling, ultimately accelerating atherosclerotic plaque
progression. LDs, lipid droplets; Aps, autophagosomes; ALs,
autolysosomes; LALs, lysosomal acid lipase; FFAs, free fatty acids;
Lys, lysosome; EC, endothelial cell; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle
cell; AS, atherosclerosis; TG, triglyceride; CE, cholesterol ester;
β-ox, β-oxidation; FC, free cholesterol.

Figure 2

Therapeutic interventions targeting
lipophagy signaling pathways in AS. Created with BioGDP.com
(29). This schematic diagram
highlights how distinct pharmacological agents and TCM formulas
mitigate AS by modulating the upstream regulatory axes of
lipophagy. Inhibitory axis (red lines): The PI3K/AKT/mTORC1
signaling cascade negatively regulates lipophagy. The TCM formula
Tianxiangdan exerts atheroprotective effects by inhibiting upstream
PI3K/AKT signaling. Simultaneously, everolimus specifically acts as
a direct inhibitor of the mTORC1 complex. mTORC1 suppression
relieves its inhibitory phosphorylation of both the ULK1/2
initiation complex and the transcription factor TFEB. Activatory
axis (green arrows): Natural compounds effectively trigger
lipophagic flux. Berberine demonstrates a dual mechanism by
suppressing PI3K while concurrently activating both the AMPK and
SIRT1 pathways. SIRT1 activation facilitates the essential
deacetylation of TFEB. Convergence and execution: The
pharmacological modulation of both axes ultimately converges on the
dephosphorylation and deacetylation of TFEB, driving its nuclear
translocation. Within the nucleus, TFEB initiates a robust
transcriptional program of essential autophagy and lipophagy genes
(such as LC3 and ABCA1). This coordinated upregulation enhances
autophagosome biogenesis, accelerates LD degradation, and promotes
macrophage cholesterol efflux, thereby stabilizing atherosclerotic
plaques. TFEB, transcription factor EB; TCM, Traditional Chinese
medicine; LD, lipid droplet.
View References

1 

Libby P, Buring JE, Badimon L, Hansson JK, Deanfield J, Bittencourt SM, Tokgözoğlu L and Lewis EF: Atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 5:562019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Filali-Mouncef Y, Hunter C, Roccio F, Zagkou S, Dupont N, Primard C, Proikas-Cezanne T and Reggiori F: The ménage à trois of autophagy, lipid droplets and liver disease. Autophagy. 18:50–72. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN and Bobryshev YV: LOX-1-Mediated effects on vascular cells in atherosclerosis. Cell Physiol Biochem. 38:1851–1859. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Baumer Y, McCurdy S, Weatherby TM, Mehta NN, Halbherr S, Halbherr P, Yamazaki N and Boisvert WA: Hyperlipidemia-induced cholesterol crystal production by endothelial cells promotes atherogenesis. Nat Commun. 8:11292017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Giannotti KC, Weinert S, Viana MN, Leiguez E, Araujo TLS, Laurindo FRM, Lomonte B, Braun-Dullaeus R and Teixeira C: A secreted phospholipase A2 induces formation of smooth muscle foam cells which transdifferentiate to Macrophage-like state. Molecules. 24:32442019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Robichaud S, Fairman G, Vijithakumar V, Mak E, Cook DP, Pelletier AR, Huard S, Vanderhyden BC, Figeys D, Lavallée-Adam M, et al: Identification of novel lipid droplet factors that regulate lipophagy and cholesterol efflux in macrophage foam cells. Autophagy. 17:3671–3689. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Pu M, Zheng W, Zhang H, Wan W, Peng C, Chen X, Liu X, Xu Z, Zhou T, Sun Q, et al: ORP8 acts as a lipophagy receptor to mediate lipid droplet turnover. Protein Cell. 14:653–667. 2023.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Chung J, Park J, Lai ZW, Lambert TJ, Richards RC, Zhang J, Walther TC and Farese RV Jr: The Troyer syndrome protein spartin mediates selective autophagy of lipid droplets. Nat Cell Biol. 25:1101–1110. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Jin Y, Zhang L, Huang X, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhang H and Li X: Role of inhibition of cellular foaming by lipophagy in atherosclerosis. Chin J Pathophysiol. 40:564–571. 2024.

10 

Yang M, Zhang Y and Ren J: Autophagic regulation of lipid homeostasis in cardiometabolic syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med. 5:382018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhang S, Peng X, Yang S, Li X, Huang M, Wei S, Liu J, He G, Zheng H, Yang L, et al: The regulation, function, and role of lipophagy, a form of selective autophagy, in metabolic disorders. Cell Death Dis. 13:1322022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Liu K and Czaja MJ: Regulation of lipid stores and metabolism by lipophagy. Cell Death Differ. 20:3–11. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Ward C, Martinez-Lopez N, Otten EG, Carroll B, Maetzel D, Singh R, Sarkar S and Korolchuk VI: Autophagy, lipophagy and lysosomal lipid storage disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1861:269–284. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Ouimet M, Franklin V, Mak E, Liao X, Tabas I and Marcel YL: Autophagy regulates cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells via lysosomal acid lipase. Cell Metab. 13:655–667. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Seok S, Fu T, Choi SE, Li Y, Zhu R, Kumar S, Sun X, Yoon G, Kang Y, Zhong W, et al: Transcriptional regulation of autophagy by an FXR-CREB axis. Nature. 108–111. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Liu Z, Meng X, Lu R, Meng X, Li S, Wang Y, Liu X, Liu X and Liu J: PBX1 improves cognition and reduces Amyloid-β pathology in APP/PS1 mice by transcriptionally activating the CRTC2-CREB pathway. Aging Cell. 25:e703112026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Paul S, Chatterjee A, Das K, Ray A, Basu A, Mukhopadhyay S and Sen P: Thrombin confers chemotherapeutic resistance by promoting transcriptional induction and post-translational stabilization of pro-survival MCL1 in TNBC. J Biol Chem. 301:1080252025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Zou L, Hong D, Li K and Jiang B: Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) inhibitor ARN-3236 attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. BMC Pulm Med. 22:1402022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wei N, Feng W, Pan M, Xu X, Zheng S and Jin H: Curcumol ameliorates high-fat diet-induced hepatic fibrosis via dual regulation of FXR-CREB and Rab18-mediated hepatic stellate cell lipophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 1871:1597102026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Lee JM, Wagner M, Xiao R, Kim KH, Feng D, Lazar MA and Moore DD: Nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors coordinate autophagy. Nature. 516:112–115. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhao T, Wu K, Hogstrand C, Xu YH, Chen GH, Wei CC and Luo Z: Lipophagy mediated carbohydrate-induced changes of lipid metabolism via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ChREBP/PPARγ pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci. 77:1987–2003. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Chen K, Yuan R, Zhang Y, Geng S and Li L: Tollip deficiency alters atherosclerosis and steatosis by disrupting lipophagy. J Am Heart Assoc. 6:e0040782017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Schwerbel K, Kamitz A, Krahmer N, Hallahan N, Jähnert M, Gottmann P, Lebek S, Schallschmidt T, Arends D, Schumacher F, et al: Immunity-related GTPase induces lipophagy to prevent excess hepatic lipid accumulation. J Hepatol. 73:771–782. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Li W, Sultana N, Siraj N, Ward LJ, Pawlik M, Levy E, Jovinge S, Bengtsson E and Yuan XM: Autophagy dysfunction and regulatory cystatin C in macrophage death of atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med. 20:1664–1672. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Sergin I, Evans TD, Zhang X, Bhattacharya S, Stokes CJ, Song E, Ali S, Dehestani B, Holloway KB, Micevych PS, et al: Exploiting macrophage autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis as a therapy for atherosclerosis. Nat Commun. 8:157502017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Pi H, Wang Z, Liu M, Deng P, Yu Z, Zhou Z and Gao F: SCD1 activation impedes foam cell formation by inducing lipophagy in oxLDL-treated human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Mol Med. 23:5259–5269. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Fu Y, Deng Y, Zhang J, Chua SL and Khoo BL: Biofilms exacerbate atherogenesis through macrophage-induced inflammatory responses in a fibrous plaque microsystem model. Acta Biomater. 168:333–345. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Shroff A and Nazarko TY: SQSTM1, lipid droplets and current state of their lipophagy affairs. Autophagy. 19:720–723. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Runsala M, Kuokkanen E, Uski E, Šuštar V, Balci MÖ, Rajala J, Paavola V and Mattila PK: The Small GTPase Rab7 regulates antigen processing in B cells in a possible interplay with autophagy machinery. Cells. 12:25662023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Kamerkar S, Singh J, Tripathy S, Bhonsle H, Kumar M and Mallik R: Metabolic and immune-sensitive contacts between lipid droplets and endoplasmic reticulum reconstituted in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 119:e22005131192022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Wang Y, Zhao H, Li X, Wang Q, Yan M, Zhang H, Zhao T, Zhang N, Zhang P, Peng L and Li P: Formononetin alleviates hepatic steatosis by facilitating TFEB-mediated lysosome biogenesis and lipophagy. J Nutr Biochem. 73:1082142019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Yoo J, Jeong IK, Ahn KJ, Chung HY and Hwang YC: Fenofibrate, a PPARα agonist, reduces hepatic fat accumulation through the upregulation of TFEB-mediated lipophagy. Metabolism. 120:1547982021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Sinha RA, Rajak S, Singh BK and Yen PM: Hepatic lipid catabolism via PPARα-lysosomal crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci. 21:23912020. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Kim KH, Oprescu SN, Snyder MM, Kim A, Jia Z, Yue F and Kuang S: PRMT5 mediates FoxO1 methylation and subcellular localization to regulate lipophagy in myogenic progenitors. Cell Rep. 42:1133292023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Wang T, Cheng Z, Zhao R, Cheng J, Ren H, Zhang P, Liu P, Hao Q, Zhang Q, Yu X, et al: Sirt6 enhances macrophage lipophagy and improves lipid metabolism disorder by regulating the Wnt1/β-catenin pathway in atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis. 22:1562023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Li M, Wang Z, Wang P, Li H and Yang L: TFEB: A emerging regulator in lipid homeostasis for atherosclerosis. Front Physiol. 12:6399202021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Bao Y, Cao Y and Wu H: Research progress on the role of lipophagy in atherosclerosis and traditional Chinese medicine intervention. Chin J Arteriosclerosis. 30:753–763. 2022.

38 

Blagov AV, Churov AV, Golovyuk AL, Lee AA, Kashtalap VV, Sukhorukov VN and Orekhov AN: The role of metabolic disorders in the development of atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand). 70:148–155. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Garcia-Macia M, Santos-Ledo A, Leslie J, Paish HL, Collins AL, Scott RS, Watson A, Burgoyne RA, White S, French J, et al: A mammalian target of Rapamycin-Perilipin 3 (mTORC1-Plin3) pathway is essential to activate lipophagy and protects against hepatosteatosis. Hepatology. 74:3441–3459. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Yano K, Yamaguchi K, Seko Y, Okishio S, Ishiba H, Tochiki N, Takahashi A, Kataoka S, Okuda K, Liu Y, et al: Hepatocyte-specific fibroblast growth factor 21 overexpression ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity and liver steatosis in mice. Lab Invest. 102:281–289. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Zachari M and Ganley IG: The mammalian ULK1 complex and autophagy initiation. Essays Biochem. 61:585–596. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Kim YC and Guan KL: mTOR: A pharmacologic target for autophagy regulation. J Clin Invest. 125:25–32. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Park JM, Jung CH, Seo M, Otto NM, Grunwald D, Kim KH, Moriarity B, Kim YM, Starker C, Nho RS, et al: The ULK1 complex mediates MTORC1 signaling to the autophagy initiation machinery via binding and phosphorylating ATG14. Autophagy. 12:547–564. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Roczniak-Ferguson A, Petit CS, Froehlich F, Qian S, Ky J, Angarola B, Walther TC and Ferguson SM: The transcription factor TFEB links mTORC1 signaling to transcriptional control of lysosome homeostasis. Sci Signal. 5:ra422012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Gonzalez A, Hall MN, Lin SC and Hardie DG: AMPK and TOR: The yin and yang of cellular nutrient sensing and growth control. Cell Metab. 31:472–492. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Zhang S, Hong F, Ma C and Yang S: Hepatic lipid metabolism disorder and atherosclerosis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 22:590–600. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Zhang H, Xia P, Yang Z, Liu J, Zhu Y, Huang Z, Zhang Z and Yuan Y: Cullin-associated and neddylation-dissociated 1 regulate reprogramming of lipid metabolism through SKP1-Cullin-1-F-boxFBXO11-mediated heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 ubiquitination and promote hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transl Med. 13:e14432023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Huang Y, Yang J, Zhang J and Xiang Z: The role and function of transcription factor EB in atherosclerosis: A comprehensive review. Chin J Hypertension. 30:1142–1146. 2022.

49 

Wang MY, Li EW, Gao G, Fu ZX, Zhang XW, Wang H, Wang P, Zhang ZQ, Xu JY and Xie ZS: Zexie decoction regulates Akt/TFEB signaling pathway to promote lipophagy in hepatocytes. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 47:6183–6190. 2022.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

50 

Zhao X: Effects of hepatic lysosome function on atherosclerotic mice with different lipemia. Wuhan University; 2021

51 

Acharya A and Demetriades C: mTORC1 activity licenses its own release from the lysosomal surface. Mol Cell. 84:4385–4400.e7. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Xu Q, Lin R, Jiang T, Deng L, Wu Y, Yuan Q, Qi X, Mu P, Jiang J, Deng Y and Wen J: Enhanced SIRT1-TFEB interaction promotes lysosome biogenesis and autophagy by reducing TFEB acetylation: Revealing the enterotoxicity disparity of deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin. J Agric Food Chem. 73:12993–13005. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Negoita F, Fraguas Bringas C, Hellberg K, Luda KM, Liu H, Li Z, Cuenco J, Zhao JF, Sathe G, Ganley IG, et al: AMPK promotes TFEB transcriptional activity through dephosphorylation at both MTORC1-dependent and -independent sites. Autophagy. 1–15. 2026.doi: 10.1080/15548627.2026.2629720 (Epub ahead of print).

54 

You Y and Liang W: SIRT1 and SIRT6: The role in aging-related diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1869:1668152023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Herranz D, Muñoz-Martin M, Cañamero M, Mulero F, Martinez-Pastor B, Fernandez-Capetillo O and Serrano M: Sirt1 improves healthy ageing and protects from metabolic syndrome-associated cancer. Nat Commun. 1:32010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Wang Y, Liu T, Cai Y, Liu W and Guo J: SIRT6′s function in controlling the metabolism of lipids and glucose in diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 14:12447052023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Wang T: Sirt6 enhances macrophage lipophagy and improves lipid metabolism disorder to increase atherosclerotic plaque stability. Air Force Medical University; 2020

58 

Li B, Xin Z, Gao S, Li Y, Guo S, Fu Y, Xu R, Wang D, Cheng J, Liu L, et al: SIRT6-regulated macrophage efferocytosis epigenetically controls inflammation resolution of diabetic periodontitis. Theranostics. 13:231–249. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Zi Y, Yi-An Y, Bing J, Yan L, Jing T, Chun-Yu G, Fan P, Hao L, Jia-Ni T, Han-Jin H, et al: Sirt6-induced autophagy restricted TREM-1-mediated pyroptosis in ox-LDL-treated endothelial cells: Relevance to prognostication of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cell Death Discov. 5:882019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Wang Y, Zou Y, Wang X, Liu J and Pang Y: PLINs: Lipid droplet-associated proteins involved in lipolysis. J Northeast Agricultural Univ. 52:82–89. 962021.

61 

Hsieh K, Lee YK, Londos C, Raaka BM, Dalen KT and Kimmel AR: Perilipin family members preferentially sequester to either triacylglycerol-specific or cholesteryl-ester-specific intracellular lipid storage droplets. J Cell Sci. 125:4067–4076. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

62 

Lizaso A, Tan KT and Lee YH: β-adrenergic receptor-stimulated lipolysis requires the RAB7-mediated autolysosomal lipid degradation. Autophagy. 9:1228–1243. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Kaushik S and Cuervo AM: Degradation of lipid droplet-associated proteins by chaperone-mediated autophagy facilitates lipolysis. Nat Cell Biol. 17:759–770. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Cho KY, Miyoshi H, Nakamura A, Greenberg AS and Atsumi T: Lipid droplet protein PLIN1 regulates inflammatory polarity in human macrophages and is involved - in atherosclerotic plaque development by promoting stable lipid storage. J Atheroscler Thromb. 30:170–181. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Ouyang Y, Hu M, Zhang Y, Lin H, Tang W, Peng M, He P and Ouyang X: The role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the development of atherosclerosis. Chemistry of Life. 45:43–54. 2025.(In Chinese).

66 

Tang WH, Kitai T and Hazen SL: Gut microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease. Circ Res. 120:1183–1196. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Gu Y, Zhang Y, Li M, Huang Z, Jiang J, Chen Y, Chen J, Jia Y, Zhang L and Zhou F: Ferulic acid ameliorates atherosclerotic injury by modulating gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Front Pharmacol. 12:6213392021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Jeong SJ, Lee MN and Oh GT: The role of macrophage lipophagy in reverse cholesterol transport. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 32:41–46. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Liu Q, Wang YM and Gu HF: Lipophagy in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta. 511:208–214. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Björkegren JLM and Lusis AJ: Atherosclerosis: Recent developments. Cell. 185:1630–1645. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Guo X, Hou P, Zhang S, Xu Q, Zhou M, Tang W, Jin F, Zhang B, Guo Z, Zhao X, et al: Enhancer-associated LncRNA-ITGA2 promotes vascular remodeling through ITGA2. Circ Res. 136:1610–1628. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Bennett MR, Sinha S and Owens GK: Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 118:692–702. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Zeng C, Peng Z, Huang S, Xu Z, Peng Z, Wu Z, Lei J, Zhang X, Qin J, Ye K, et al: Metal-organic framework-based nanoplatforms for synergistic anti-atherosclerosis therapy by regulating the PI3K/AKT/MSR1 pathway in macrophages. Nanoscale. 17:3071–3085. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Liu F, Shan S, Li H and Li Z: Treatment of peroxidase derived from foxtail millet bran attenuates atherosclerosis by inhibition of CD36 and STAT3 in vitro and in vivo. J Agric Food Chem. 68:1276–1285. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Liu F, Shan S, Li H, Shi J, Yang R and Li Z: Millet shell polyphenols ameliorate atherosclerosis development by suppressing foam cell formation. J Nutr Biochem. 115:1092712023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Nahapetyan H, Moulis M, Grousset E, Faccini J, Grazide MH, Mucher E, Elbaz M, Martinet W and Vindis C: Altered mitochondrial quality control in Atg7-deficient VSMCs promotes enhanced apoptosis and is linked to unstable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype. Cell Death Dis. 10:1192019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Ravi S, Martin LC, Krishnan M, Kumaresan M, Manikandan B and Ramar M: Interactions between macrophage membrane and lipid mediators during cardiovascular diseases with the implications of scavenger receptors. Chem Phys Lipids. 258:1053622024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Qi X, Zhang Y, Li J, Hou D and Xiang Y: Effect of PGC-1α on proliferation, migration, and transdifferentiation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells induced by high glucose. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012:7564262012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Zhang Q, Wen XH, Tang SL, Zhao ZW and Tang CK: Role and therapeutic potential of gelsolin in atherosclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 178:59–67. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Gimbrone MA Jr and Garcia-Cardena G: Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 118:620–636. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Pu Y, Cheng CK, Zhang H, Luo JY, Wang L, Tomlinson B and Huang Y: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonists in cardiovascular health and disease. Med Res Rev. 43:2086–2114. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Chen Z, Ouyang C, Zhang H, Gu Y, Deng Y, Du C, Cui C, Li S, Wang W, Kong W, et al: Vascular smooth muscle cell-derived hydrogen sulfide promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability via TFEB (transcription factor EB)-mediated autophagy. Autophagy. 18:2270–2287. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Goncalves I, Pan M, Singh P, Wang W, Zhao J, Dib L, Sundius L, Persson A, Gialeli C, Fountas P, et al: Spatial transcriptomics reveals a key role of fibroblast-like vascular smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerotic cell crosstalk and stability. Eur Heart J. ehaf10912026.doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf1091 (Epub ahead of print). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Zhao L, Zhao L, Liu D, Huang F, Peng Q, Lu J, Zhou J, Zheng S and Liu X: Vascular smooth muscle cells: A therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 26:282402025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Tang HY, Chen AQ, Zhang H, Gao XF, Kong XQ and Zhang JJ: Vascular smooth muscle cells phenotypic switching in cardiovascular diseases. Cells. 11:40602022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Zhang J, Chang J, Chen V, Beg MA, Huang W, Vick L, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yttre E, Gupta A, et al: Oxidized LDL stimulates PKM2-mediated mtROS production and phagocytosis. J Lipid Res. 66:1008092025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Bardin M, Pawelzik SC, Lagrange J, Mahdi A, Arnardottir H, Regnault V, Fève B, Lacolley P, Michel JB, Mercier N and Bäck M: The resolvin D2-GPR18 axis is expressed in human coronary atherosclerosis and transduces atheroprotection in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 201:1150752022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Pirillo A, Norata GD and Catapano AL: LOX-1, OxLDL, and atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm. 2013:1527862013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Daub K, Seizer P, Stellos K, Krämer BF, Bigalke B, Schaller M, Fateh-Moghadam S, Gawaz M and Lindemann S: Oxidized LDL-activated platelets induce vascular inflammation. Semin Thromb Hemost. 36:146–156. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Hammoutene A, Biquard L, Lasselin J, Kheloufi M, Tanguy M, Vion AC, Mérian J, Colnot N, Loyer X, Tedgui A, et al: A defect in endothelial autophagy occurs in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and promotes inflammation and fibrosis. J Hepatol. 72:528–538. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Sotler T and Sebestjen M: PCSK9 as an atherothrombotic risk factor. Int J Mol Sci. 24:19662023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

El Bounkari O, Zan C, Yang B, Ebert S, Wagner J, Bugar E, Kramer N, Bourilhon P, Kontos C, Zarwel M, et al: An atypical atherogenic chemokine that promotes advanced atherosclerosis and hepatic lipogenesis. Nat Commun. 16:22972025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Jiang L, Bai D, Yang Y, Wu Y, Chen Y, Wang M, Wang W, Wang H, Xiong Y, Zhu S, et al: Naringenin attenuates Ox-LDL-induced Injury in HUVECs by regulating lipophagy partly through the SOCE pathway. Curr Pharm Des. 31:2025–2037. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Wang J, Peng M, Gao J and Xu G: Atherosclerotic vascular remodeling induced by phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cell. Chin J Arteriosclerosis. 33:269–276. 2025.

95 

Zhuang W, Yang Y, Li H and Liang J: Research advance of Nrf2 on atherosclerosis by regulating vascular smooth muscle cell. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 50:390–395. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

96 

Boström P, Magnusson B, Svensson PA, Wiklund O, Borén J, Carlsson LM, Ståhlman M, Olofsson SO and Hultén LM: Hypoxia converts human macrophages into triglyceride-loaded foam cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 26:1871–1876. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Yang R, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Ma W, Wang X, Han X and Liu N: Recent progress in autophagy and vascular calcification. J China Pharmaceutical Univ. 49:401–406. 2018.(In Chinese).

98 

Wang Z, Nong T and Zheng J: Biological connotation of Disease-stage-state of hypertension in concept of State-target differentiation and treatment from perspective of lipophagy. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae. 30:193–201. 2024.

99 

Chen W, Jin T, Xie Y, Zhong C, Gao H, Zhang L, Ju J, Cheng T, Li M, Wang H, et al: Berberine partially ameliorates cardiolipotoxicity in diabetic cardiomyopathy by modulating SIRT3-mediated lipophagy to remodel lipid droplets homeostasis. Br J Pharmacol. 182:5038–5056. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Hou Y and Zhao Y: The mechanisms of action and clinical application progress of autophagy activators. J Sun Yat-Sen Univ (Med Sci). 46:371–383. 2025.

101 

Sabers CJ, Martin MM, Brunn GJ, Williams JM, Dumont FJ, Wiederrecht G and Abraham RT: Isolation of a protein target of the FKBP12-rapamycin complex in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 270:815–822. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Zhang Y, Li T, Pan M, Wang W, Huang W, Yuan Y, Xie Z, Chen Y, Peng J, Li X and Meng Y: SIRT1 prevents cigarette smoking-induced lung fibroblasts activation by regulating mitochondrial oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. J Transl Med. 20:2222022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Yang Y, Bai D, Jiang L, Chen Y, Wang M, Wang W, Wang H, He Q, Bu G, Long J and Yuan D: Stilbene glycosides alleviate atherosclerosis partly by promoting lipophagy of dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 143:1132232024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Cheng H, Xu B, Zhang L, Wang Y, Chen M and Chen S: Bortezomib alleviates antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplantation by facilitating Atg5 expression. J Cell Mol Med. 25:10939–10949. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Widgerow AD, Casas LA, Claytor B, Zeidler KR and Shafiq F: Topical peptide technology and the scarring spectrum: Linking mechanistic pathways to internal scarring (Fibrous Banding) and external scarring (Incisional) and outcomes in postsurgical healing. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum. 8:ojaf1692026. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Ferri N, Ruscica M, Fazio S and Corsini A: Correction: Ferri et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering drugs: A narrative review. J. Clin. Med. 2024.13:943J Clin Med. 13:45822024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Beshir SA, Hussain N, Elnor AA and Said ASA: Umbrella review on non-statin lipid-lowering therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 26:437–452. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Shao B, Liu C, Su D and Miao C: Research progress in the roles of macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis and related drugs. Prog Pharmaceutical Sci. 41:490–496. 2017.

109 

Watanabe T, Kotani J, Murata Y, Seguchi O, Yanase M and Nakatani T: Tissue characterization of progressive cardiac allograft vasculopathy in patients with everolimus therapy compared with donor-transmitted atherosclerosis assessed using serial intravascular imaging: A case report. Transplant Proc. 46:2456–2461. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Beutner F, Brendel D, Teupser D, Sass K, Baber R, Mueller M, Ceglarek U and Thiery J: Effect of everolimus on pre-existing atherosclerosis in LDL-receptor deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 222:337–343. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Zhang Y, Wang Y, Bao C, Xu Y, Shen H, Chen J, Yan J and Chen Y: Metformin interacts with AMPK through binding to γ subunit. Mol Cell Biochem. 368:69–76. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Song Q, Bi L, Zhang J, Ren R and Zhao X: Research progress in the mechanism of atorvastatin on No-reflow of coronary artery. Herald Med. 40:641–644. 2021.

113 

Li Y and Liu X: Metformin improves the abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and atherosclerosis in atherosclerotic mice by regulating AMPK/ERK pathway. J Univ South China (Med Ed). 51:32–36. 2023.

114 

Zheng S, Du Y, Ye Q, Zha K and Feng J: Atorvastatin enhances foam cell lipophagy and promotes cholesterol efflux through the AMP-activated protein Kinase/Mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 77:508–518. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Zhao L, Yu H and Tian W: Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine monomer regulating autopha of vascular endothelial cells and interfering atherosclersi. Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med. 39:117–120. 2021.

116 

Liu L, Wu Q, Chen Y, Gu G, Gao R, Peng B, Wang Y, Li A, Guo J, Xu X, et al: Updated pharmacological effects, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of natural product geniposide. Molecules. 27:33192022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Zhang L, Li J, Kou Y, Shen L, Wang H, Wang Y, Ma R, Wu T, Yang X, Gu Y and Yi L: Mechanisms and treatment of atherosclerosis: Focus on macrophages. Front Immunol. 15:14903872024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Sadeghi M, Khayati S, Dehnavi S, Almahmeed W, Sukhorukovi VN and Sahebkar A: Regulatory impact of statins on macrophage polarization: Mechanistic and therapeutic implications. J Pharm Pharmacol. 76:763–775. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Wiggins BS, Backes JM and Hilleman D: Statin-associated muscle symptoms-A review: Individualizing the approach to optimize care. Pharmacotherapy. 42:428–438. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Al-Makhamreh HK, Toubasi AA, Obaid YY and Albustanji FH: Significance of Statin-associated muscle symptoms and its impact on patients adherence and outcomes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 81:185–191. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Gerber T, Nunes A, Moreira BR and Maraschin M: Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) for new therapeutic and nutraceutical interventions: A review of patents issued in the last 20 years (2000–2020). Phytother Res. 37:527–548. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Ran D, Hong W, Yan W and Mengdie W: Properties and molecular mechanisms underlying geniposide-mediated therapeutic effects in chronic inflammatory diseases. J Ethnopharmacol. 273:1139582021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Lin J, Wang X, Gu M, Chen Y, Xu J, Chau NV, Li J, Ji X, Chu Q, Qing L and Wu W: Geniposide ameliorates atherosclerosis by restoring lipophagy via suppressing PARP1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Phytomedicine. 129:1556172024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Kim HS, Montana V, Jang HJ, Parpura V and Kim JA: Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) stimulates autophagy in vascular endothelial cells: A potential role for reducing lipid accumulation. J Biol Chem. 288:22693–22705. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Li S, Yu H and Tian W: Research progress of effect of traditional Chinese medicine in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis based on signal pathway related to inflammatory response. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae. 26:180–186. 2020.

126 

Li Y, Xue X, Yu L, Qian J, Li X, Tian M, Yang J, Deng R, Lu C, Xiao C and Liu Y: Recombinant high-density lipoprotein targeted delivery of celastrol to promote foam cells lipophagy against early atherosclerosis. J Nanobiotechnology. 23:2372025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

127 

Zhao X, Li K, Liu Q, Jiang M and Cao Y: Oral exposure to SiO2 nanoparticles promotes foam cell areas in aortic sinus of ApoE-/-Mice and epigallocatechin gallate attenuates the effects via metabolic restoration. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 25:1837–1849. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Wang L, Pan Q and Tang C: Mechanisms underlying the Anti-atherosclerotic effects of EGCG. Curr Mol Med. 25:1327–1335. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Xing L, Zhou X, Li AH, Li HJ, He CX, Qin W, Zhao D, Li PQ, Zhu L and Cao HL: Atheroprotective effects and molecular mechanism of berberine. Front Mol Biosci. 8:7626732021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

Zheng Y, Kou J, Wang P, Ye T, Wang Z, Gao Z, Cong L, Li M, Dong B, Yang W, et al: Berberine-induced TFEB deacetylation by SIRT1 promotes autophagy in peritoneal macrophages. Aging (Albany NY). 13:7096–7119. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

131 

Zhu L, Xu JJ, Li HD, Li JJ, Cheng M, Niu XN, Jia PC, Liu JY, Huang C, Lv XW and Li J: Berberine ameliorates abnormal lipid metabolism via the adenosine Monophosphate-activated protein Kinase/Sirtuin 1 pathway in alcohol-related liver disease. Lab Invest. 103:1000412023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

132 

Xu Y and Wan W: Acetylation in the regulation of autophagy. Autophagy. 19:379–387. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

133 

Wang W, Li H, Shi Y, Zhou J, Khan GJ, Zhu J, Liu F, Duan H, Li L and Zhai K: Targeted intervention of natural medicinal active ingredients and traditional Chinese medicine on epigenetic modification: Possible strategies for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Phytomedicine. 122:1551392024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Zhai K, Deng L, Wu Y, Li H, Zhou J, Shi Y, Jia J, Wang W, Nian S, Jilany Khan G, et al: Extracellular vesicle-derived miR-146a as a novel crosstalk mechanism for high-fat induced atherosclerosis by targeting SMAD4. J Adv Res. 73:729–741. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Duan H, Li H, Feng J, Zhoua J, Shi Y, Wang L, Dong Z, Zhai K, Hu K and Wei Z: Isodon Suzhouensis extract interferes with miRNA expression profile for prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pneumonia disease. Food Sci Hum Wellness. 14:92502502025. View Article : Google Scholar

136 

Zhi W, Liu Y, Wang X and Zhang H: Recent advances of traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. J Ethnopharmacol. 301:1157492023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

137 

Tan M, Wang J, Chen Z and Xie X: Exploring global research trends in Chinese medicine for atherosclerosis: A bibliometric study 2012–2023. Front Cardiovasc Med. 11:14001302024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

138 

Yang L, Wang Y, Ye X, Liu Q, Qu D and Chen Y: Traditional Chinese medicine-based drug delivery systems for anti-tumor therapies. Chin J Nat Med. 22:1177–1192. 2024.PubMed/NCBI

139 

Zhang YJ, He H, Sawuer G, Ma XK, Ainiwaer Z, Wu DD, Zhang XX and An DQ: Tianxiangdan suppresses foam cell formation by enhancing lipophagy and reduces the progression of atherosclerosis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 61:298–310. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

140 

Li Y, Pan J, Yu JJJ, Wu X, Yang G, Pan X, Sui G, Wang M, Cheng M, Zhu S, et al: Huayu Qutan Recipe promotes lipophagy and cholesterol efflux through the mTORC1/TFEB/ABCA1-SCARB1 signal axis. J Cell Mol Med. 28:e182572024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

141 

Bao Y, Zhu L, Wang Y, Liu J, Liu Z, Li Z, Zhou A and Wu H: Gualou-Xiebai herb pair and its active ingredients act against atherosclerosis by suppressing VSMC-derived foam cell formation via regulating P2RY12-mediated lipophagy. Phytomedicine. 128:1553412024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

142 

Jiang S, Li H, Zhang L, Mu W, Zhang Y, Chen T, Wu J, Tang H, Zheng S, Liu Y, et al: Generic diagramming platform (GDP): A comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics. Nucleic Acids Res. 53:D1670–D1676. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Nan S, Peng C, Meng X, Jia J, Zhao F and Cui Y: Targeting lipophagy in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 208, 2026.
APA
Nan, S., Peng, C., Meng, X., Jia, J., Zhao, F., & Cui, Y. (2026). Targeting lipophagy in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 208. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13918
MLA
Nan, S., Peng, C., Meng, X., Jia, J., Zhao, F., Cui, Y."Targeting lipophagy in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.1 (2026): 208.
Chicago
Nan, S., Peng, C., Meng, X., Jia, J., Zhao, F., Cui, Y."Targeting lipophagy in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 1 (2026): 208. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13918
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Nan S, Peng C, Meng X, Jia J, Zhao F and Cui Y: Targeting lipophagy in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 208, 2026.
APA
Nan, S., Peng, C., Meng, X., Jia, J., Zhao, F., & Cui, Y. (2026). Targeting lipophagy in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 208. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13918
MLA
Nan, S., Peng, C., Meng, X., Jia, J., Zhao, F., Cui, Y."Targeting lipophagy in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.1 (2026): 208.
Chicago
Nan, S., Peng, C., Meng, X., Jia, J., Zhao, F., Cui, Y."Targeting lipophagy in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 1 (2026): 208. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13918
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team