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Review Open Access

Beyond the primary site: Molecular insights and clinical implications of cancer metastatic overlap between lung and urological organ cancers (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yinhuan Wang
    • Jiefang Guan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, Gansu 730900, P.R. China, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Baiyin, Gansu 730900, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 214
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    Published online on: May 29, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13924
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Abstract

Metastasis between primary lung cancers and urological malignancies, for example prostate, renal and bladder cancers, poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Previous epidemiological data underscore a frequent bidirectional overlap that adversely affects patient survival. This review synthesizes current molecular insights and clinical implications of this metastatic crosstalk, delineating how these distinct tumor types exploit shared molecular toolkits, including the C‑X‑C chemokine receptor 4/C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 12 axis, hepatocyte growth factor/mesenchymal‑epithelial transition factor signaling and epithelial‑mesenchymal plasticity, to facilitate dissemination and colonization. The distinct immune contextures and cellular architectures of the metastatic niche in different organs have also been explored, revealing their notable influence on therapeutic responses. Although molecular profiling and liquid biopsies have been refining diagnostic precision and allowing for a shift toward mechanism‑centric agnostic therapies, organ‑specific microenvironments continue to modulate drug efficacy. Integration of these insights is necessary for advancing personalized management strategies and improving outcomes for patients in this complex clinical setting.
View Figures

Figure 1

Molecular drivers of site-specific
tropism in lung and urological metastases. EMT,
epithelial-mesenchymal transition; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor;
c-MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor; RANK, receptor
activator of NF-κB; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand;
FAP-α, fibroblast activation protein-α; CXCR, C-X-C chemokine
receptor; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; CXCL, C-X-C motif
chemokine ligand; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; NK,
natural killer; miR, microRNA; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth
factor. The figure was created with Figdraw (www.figdraw.com).

Figure 2

Tumor microenvironment and immune
contexture at the metastatic site. CAF, cancer-associated
fibroblast; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; PD-L1, programmed
death-ligand 1; FAP-α, fibroblast activation protein-α; CSF-1R,
macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; TLS, tertiary
lymphoid structure; ICI, immune-checkpoint inhibitor; ORR,
objective response rate; POSTN, periostin; MMP, matrix
metalloproteinase; CCR4, C-C chemokine receptor type 4; CCL22, C-C
motif chemokine ligand 22. The figure was created with Figdraw
(www.figdraw.com).
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Y and Guan J: Beyond the primary site: Molecular insights and clinical implications of cancer metastatic overlap between lung and urological organ cancers (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 214, 2026.
APA
Wang, Y., & Guan, J. (2026). Beyond the primary site: Molecular insights and clinical implications of cancer metastatic overlap between lung and urological organ cancers (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 214. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13924
MLA
Wang, Y., Guan, J."Beyond the primary site: Molecular insights and clinical implications of cancer metastatic overlap between lung and urological organ cancers (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.2 (2026): 214.
Chicago
Wang, Y., Guan, J."Beyond the primary site: Molecular insights and clinical implications of cancer metastatic overlap between lung and urological organ cancers (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 2 (2026): 214. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13924
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Y and Guan J: Beyond the primary site: Molecular insights and clinical implications of cancer metastatic overlap between lung and urological organ cancers (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 214, 2026.
APA
Wang, Y., & Guan, J. (2026). Beyond the primary site: Molecular insights and clinical implications of cancer metastatic overlap between lung and urological organ cancers (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 214. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13924
MLA
Wang, Y., Guan, J."Beyond the primary site: Molecular insights and clinical implications of cancer metastatic overlap between lung and urological organ cancers (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.2 (2026): 214.
Chicago
Wang, Y., Guan, J."Beyond the primary site: Molecular insights and clinical implications of cancer metastatic overlap between lung and urological organ cancers (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 2 (2026): 214. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.13924
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