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Research advances in the microbiota‑gut‑brain axis and Parkinson's disease (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yangping Meng
    • Qian Liu
    • Hao Zou
    • Xingyu Zhu
    • Xinxin Mi
    • Sitong Li
    • Yutian Xia
    • Yucheng Ma
    • Qianyu Yang
    • Jiaxin Peng
    • Junrui Li
    • Xingliang Liu
    • Junli Chen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075061, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Meng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 305
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    Published online on: September 10, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.14016
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Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with diverse pathogenic mechanisms. The microbiota‑gut‑brain axis is closely related to the development of PD, in which non‑motor symptoms are considered to be the early manifestation and exacerbation of the disease. Nevertheless, reliable diagnostic criteria or biomarkers for PD have not been fully developed. The gut microbiota as a key transmitter of the gut‑brain axis, can affect disease progression through a variety of pathways, and may be a potential therapeutic target for PD. Therefore, new strategies have been developed with the aim to prevent and control PD by modulating the intestinal microflora, using tools such as antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, dietary interventions, fecal microbiota transplantation and vagus nerve stimulation; however, these interventions also face certain issues and challenges. The present article reviewed the latest research on PD through the microbiome‑gut‑brain axis, offering new angles for understanding and treating the condition.
View Figures

Figure 1

Pathogenic mechanisms of Parkinson's
Disease. The flowchart illustrates that PD is associated with
multiple interacting mechanisms, involving multiple levels such as
abnormal protein expression and aggregation, neuroinflammation,
oxidative stress, gut dysbiosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. ROS,
reactive oxygen species.

Figure 2

Detection of Pathological α-Syn in
Human Bodily Fluid and Tissue Samples. The diagram enumerates
common human samples for pathological α-Syn testing, covering four
types of bodily fluids (cerebrospinal fluid, tears, saliva, blood)
and four categories of tissues (skin, olfactory mucosa, salivary
glands, gastrointestinal tract).
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Meng Y, Liu Q, Zou H, Zhu X, Mi X, Li S, Xia Y, Ma Y, Yang Q, Peng J, Peng J, et al: Research advances in the microbiota‑gut‑brain axis and Parkinson's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 305, 2026.
APA
Meng, Y., Liu, Q., Zou, H., Zhu, X., Mi, X., Li, S. ... Chen, J. (2026). Research advances in the microbiota‑gut‑brain axis and Parkinson's disease (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 305. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.14016
MLA
Meng, Y., Liu, Q., Zou, H., Zhu, X., Mi, X., Li, S., Xia, Y., Ma, Y., Yang, Q., Peng, J., Li, J., Liu, X., Chen, J."Research advances in the microbiota‑gut‑brain axis and Parkinson's disease (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.5 (2026): 305.
Chicago
Meng, Y., Liu, Q., Zou, H., Zhu, X., Mi, X., Li, S., Xia, Y., Ma, Y., Yang, Q., Peng, J., Li, J., Liu, X., Chen, J."Research advances in the microbiota‑gut‑brain axis and Parkinson's disease (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 5 (2026): 305. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.14016
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Meng Y, Liu Q, Zou H, Zhu X, Mi X, Li S, Xia Y, Ma Y, Yang Q, Peng J, Peng J, et al: Research advances in the microbiota‑gut‑brain axis and Parkinson's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 34: 305, 2026.
APA
Meng, Y., Liu, Q., Zou, H., Zhu, X., Mi, X., Li, S. ... Chen, J. (2026). Research advances in the microbiota‑gut‑brain axis and Parkinson's disease (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 34, 305. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.14016
MLA
Meng, Y., Liu, Q., Zou, H., Zhu, X., Mi, X., Li, S., Xia, Y., Ma, Y., Yang, Q., Peng, J., Li, J., Liu, X., Chen, J."Research advances in the microbiota‑gut‑brain axis and Parkinson's disease (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34.5 (2026): 305.
Chicago
Meng, Y., Liu, Q., Zou, H., Zhu, X., Mi, X., Li, S., Xia, Y., Ma, Y., Yang, Q., Peng, J., Li, J., Liu, X., Chen, J."Research advances in the microbiota‑gut‑brain axis and Parkinson's disease (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 34, no. 5 (2026): 305. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2026.14016
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