|
1
|
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward
E and Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin.
61:69–90. 2011.
|
|
2
|
McGlynn KA and London WT: The global
epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: present and future. Clin
Liver Dis. 15:223–243. vii–x. 2011.
|
|
3
|
Owonikoko TK and Khuri FR: Targeting the
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: biomarkers of success and tribulation. Am
Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2013.DOI:
10.1200/EdBook_AM.2013.33.e395
|
|
4
|
McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Abrams SL, et
al: Targeting survival cascades induced by activation of
Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Jak/STAT pathways for
effective leukemia therapy. Leukemia. 22:708–722. 2008.
|
|
5
|
Downward J: Targeting RAS signalling
pathways in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 3:11–22. 2003.
|
|
6
|
Zheng Y, Li J, Johnson DL and Ou JH:
Regulation of hepatitis B virus replication by the
ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J Virol.
77:7707–7712. 2003.
|
|
7
|
Liu H, Xu J, Zhou L, et al: Hepatitis B
virus large surface antigen promotes liver carcinogenesis by
activating the Src/PI3K/Akt pathway. Cancer Res. 71:7547–7557.
2011.
|
|
8
|
Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, et
al: Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways in
controlling growth and sensitivity to therapy-implications for
cancer and aging. Aging (Albany NY). 3:192–222. 2011.
|
|
9
|
Fernández-Medarde A and Santos E: Ras in
cancer and developmental diseases. Genes Cancer. 2:344–358.
2011.
|
|
10
|
Fransén K, Klintenäs M, Osterström A,
Dimberg J, Monstein HJ and Söderkvist P: Mutation analysis of the
BRAF, ARAF and RAF-1 genes in human colorectal adenocarcinomas.
Carcinogenesis. 25:527–533. 2004.
|
|
11
|
Libra M, Malaponte G, Navolanic PM, et al:
Analysis of BRAF mutation in primary and metastatic melanoma. Cell
Cycle. 4:1382–1384. 2005.
|
|
12
|
Fukushima T, Suzuki S, Mashiko M, et al:
BRAF mutations in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid. Oncogene.
22:6455–6457. 2003.
|
|
13
|
Roymans D and Slegers H:
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases in tumor progression. Eur J Biochem.
268:487–498. 2001.
|
|
14
|
Samuels Y, Wang Z, Bardelli A, et al: High
frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers.
Science. 304:5542004.
|
|
15
|
Lee JW, Soung YH, Kim SY, et al: PIK3CA
gene is frequently mutated in breast carcinomas and hepatocellular
carcinomas. Oncogene. 24:1477–1480. 2005.
|
|
16
|
Shayesteh L, Lu Y, Kuo WL, et al: PIK3CA
is implicated as an oncogene in ovarian cancer. Nat Genet.
21:99–102. 1999.
|
|
17
|
Ligresti G, Militello L, Steelman LS, et
al: PIK3CA mutations in human solid tumors: role in sensitivity to
various therapeutic approaches. Cell Cycle. 8:1352–1358. 2009.
|
|
18
|
Urick ME, Rudd ML, Godwin AK, Sgroi D,
Merino M and Bell DW: PIK3R1 (p85alpha) is somatically mutated at
high frequency in primary endometrial cancer. Cancer Res.
71:4061–4067. 2011.
|
|
19
|
Philp AJ, Campbell IG, Leet C, et al: The
phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase p85alpha gene is an oncogene in
human ovarian and colon tumors. Cancer Res. 61:7426–7429. 2001.
|
|
20
|
Stambolic V, Suzuki A, de la Pompa JL, et
al: Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the
tumor suppressor PTEN. Cell. 95:29–39. 1998.
|
|
21
|
Tamguney T and Stokoe D: New insights into
PTEN. J Cell Sci. 120:4071–4079. 2007.
|
|
22
|
Chappell WH, Steelman LS, Long JM, et al:
Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR inhibitors: rationale and
importance to inhibiting these pathways in human health.
Oncotarget. 2:135–164. 2011.
|
|
23
|
Llovet JM, Bru C and Bruix J: Prognosis of
hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin
Liver Dis. 19:329–338. 1999.
|
|
24
|
Forbes SA, Bindal N, Bamford S, et al:
COSMIC: mining complete cancer genomes in the Catalogue of Somatic
Mutations in Cancer. Nucleic Acids Res. 39:D945–D950. 2011.
|
|
25
|
Zhu AX: Development of sorafenib and other
molecularly targeted agents in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer.
112:250–259. 2008.
|
|
26
|
De La O JP and Murtaugh LC: Notch and Kras
in pancreatic cancer: at the crossroads of mutation,
differentiation and signaling. Cell Cycle. 8:1860–1864. 2009.
|
|
27
|
Tannapfel A, Sommerer F, Benicke M, et al:
Mutations of the BRAF gene in cholangiocarcinoma but not in
hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut. 52:706–712. 2003.
|
|
28
|
Balschun K, Haag J, Wenke AK, von
Schonfels W, Schwarz NT and Rocken C: KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA exon 20,
and BRAF genotypes in synchronous and metachronous primary
colorectal cancers diagnostic and therapeutic implications. J Mol
Diagn. 13:436–445. 2011.
|
|
29
|
Fujimoto A, Totoki Y, Abe T, et al:
Whole-genome sequencing of liver cancers identifies etiological
influences on mutation patterns and recurrent mutations in
chromatin regulators. Nat Genet. 44:760–764. 2012.
|
|
30
|
Guichard C, Amaddeo G, Imbeaud S, et al:
Integrated analysis of somatic mutations and focal copy-number
changes identifies key genes and pathways in hepatocellular
carcinoma. Nat Genet. 44:694–698. 2012.
|
|
31
|
Huang J, Deng Q, Wang Q, et al: Exome
sequencing of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular
carcinoma. Nat Genet. 44:1117–1121. 2012.
|
|
32
|
Challen C, Guo K, Collier JD, Cavanagh D
and Bassendine MF: Infrequent point mutations in codons 12 and 61
of ras oncogenes in human hepatocellular carcinomas. J Hepatol.
14:342–346. 1992.
|
|
33
|
Taketomi A, Shirabe K, Muto J, et al: A
rare point mutation in the Ras oncogene in hepatocellular
carcinoma. Surg Today. 43:289–292. 2013.
|
|
34
|
Huynh H, Nguyen TT, Chow KH, Tan PH, Soo
KC and Tran E: Over-expression of the mitogen-activated protein
kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)-MAPK in hepatocellular carcinoma: its
role in tumor progression and apoptosis. BMC Gastroenterol.
3:192003.
|
|
35
|
Di Nicolantonio F, Martini M, Molinari F,
et al: Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or
cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol.
26:5705–5712. 2008.
|
|
36
|
Zuo Q, Huang H, Shi M, et al: Multivariate
analysis of several molecular markers and clinicopathological
features in postoperative prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 295:423–431. 2012.
|
|
37
|
Colombino M, Sperlongano P, Izzo F, et al:
BRAF and PIK3CA genes are somatically mutated in hepatocellular
carcinoma among patients from South Italy. Cell Death Dis.
3:e2592012.
|
|
38
|
Tanaka Y, Kanai F, Tada M, et al: Absence
of PIK3CA hotspot mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese
patients. Oncogene. 25:2950–2952. 2006.
|
|
39
|
Riener MO, Bawohl M, Clavien PA and Jochum
W: Rare PIK3CA hotspot mutations in carcinomas of the biliary
tract. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 47:363–367. 2008.
|
|
40
|
Li X, Zhang Q, He W, et al: Low frequency
of PIK3CA gene mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese
population. Pathol Oncol Res. 18:57–60. 2012.
|
|
41
|
Bae JJ, Rho JW, Lee TJ, et al: Loss of
heterozygosity on chromosome 10q23 and mutation of the phosphatase
and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 tumor suppressor gene
in Korean hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Oncol Rep.
18:1007–1013. 2007.
|
|
42
|
Wang L, Wang WL, Zhang Y, Guo SP, Zhang J
and Li QL: Epigenetic and genetic alterations of PTEN in
hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res. 37:389–396. 2007.
|
|
43
|
Tsuda H, Hirohashi S, Shimosato Y, Ino Y,
Yoshida T and Terada M: Low incidence of point mutation of c-Ki-ras
and N-ras oncogenes in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer
Res. 80:196–199. 1989.
|
|
44
|
Taniguchi K, Yamada T, Sasaki Y and Kato
K: Genetic and epigenetic characteristics of human multiple
hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 10:5302010.
|
|
45
|
Tada M, Omata M and Ohto M: Analysis of
ras gene mutations in human hepatic malignant tumors by polymerase
chain reaction and direct sequencing. Cancer Res. 50:1121–1124.
1990.
|
|
46
|
Bose S, Sakhuja P, Bezawada L, et al:
Hepatocellular carcinoma with persistent hepatitis B virus
infection shows unusual downregulation of Ras expression and
differential response to Ras mediated signaling. J Gastroenterol
Hepatol. 26:135–144. 2011.
|
|
47
|
Weihrauch M, Benicke M, Lehnert G,
Wittekind C, Wrbitzky R and Tannapfel A: Frequent k- ras -2
mutations and p16(INK4A)methylation in hepatocellular carcinomas in
workers exposed to vinyl chloride. Br J Cancer. 84:982–989.
2001.
|
