Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
March-2016 Volume 11 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2016 Volume 11 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer

  • Authors:
    • Wojciech Barczak
    • Natalia Rozwadowska
    • Aleksandra Romaniuk
    • Natalia Lipińska
    • Natalia Lisiak
    • Sylwia Grodecka‑Gazdecka
    • Krzysztof Książek
    • Błażej Rubiś
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan 61‑866, Poland, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 60‑479, Poland, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60‑355, Poland, Department of Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60‑569, Poland, Department of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Gerontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60‑781, Poland
  • Pages: 2305-2309
    |
    Published online on: February 4, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4188
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Telomere shortening is associated with cancer development, primarily through the induction of genomic instability. The majority of studies have indicated that individuals with shorter blood telomeres may be at a higher risk of developing various types of cancer. There is increasing evidence that the study of the alterations in telomere length may improve cancer prognosis. The aim of the present study was to verify the use of telomere length parameters in the diagnostics of breast cancer stage. Telomere length was analyzed in the blood leukocytes of 52 patients with breast cancer relative to 47 control subjects using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The effects of stage, grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) status were assessed. The current study demonstrated that the average telomeric sequence length was significantly shorter in leukocytes from individuals diagnosed with a more severe stage of breast cancer (T2N1M0) than in leukocytes in the early stages of the disease (T1N0M0) (P=0.0207). Furthermore, the data indicated that telomeres in leukocytes derived from patients with HER2+ breast cancer were significantly longer compared with those with the HER2‑ type (P=0.0347). These results suggest that the assessment of telomeres in blood leukocytes may, at least partially, correspond with breast cancer staging and HER2 receptor status.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Chen CH and Chen RJ: Prevalence of telomerase activity in human cancer. J Formos Med Assoc. 110:275–289. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Shtessel L and Ahmed S: Telomere dysfunction in human bone marrow failure syndromes. Nucleus. 2:24–29. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Harley CB, Futcher AB and Greider CW: Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature. 345:458–460. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Oeseburg H, de Boer RA, van Gilst WH and van der Harst P: Telomere biology in healthy aging and disease. Pflugers Arch. 459:259–268. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Watson JM and Riha K: Telomeres, aging, and plants: From weeds to Methuselah - a mini-review. Gerontology. 57:129–136. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Chan SR and Blackburn EH: Telomeres and telomerase. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 359:109–121. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

de Lange T: How telomeres solve the end-protection problem. Science. 326:948–952. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Barczak W and Rubiś B: Telomere length as a prognostic marker in breast and lung cancer. Nowotwory. 62:376–384. 2012.

9 

Yao YG, Ogasawara Y, Kajigaya S, Molldrem JJ, Falcão RP, Pintão MC, McCoy JP Jr, Rizzatti EG and Young NS: Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in single cells from leukemia patients. Blood. 109:756–762. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ, Tan PH and van de Vijver MJ: World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Breast. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. 4:(Fourth). (Lyon). IARC Press. 2012.

11 

Hackett JA and Greider CW: Balancing instability: Dual roles for telomerase and telomere dysfunction in tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 21:619–626. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Gramades MM, Telli ML, Balise R and Ford JM: Longer relative telomere length in blood from women with sporadic and familiar breast cancer compared with healthy controls. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19:605–613. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Martinez-Delgado B, Yanowsky K, Inglada-Perez L, Domingo S, Urioste M, Osorio A and Benitez J: Genetic anticipation is associated with telomere shortening in hereditary breast cancer. PLoS Genet. 7:e10021822011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Heaphy CM, Subhawong AP, Gross AL, Konishi Y, Kouprina N, Argani P, Visvanathan K and Meeker AK: Shorter telomeres in luminal B, HER-2 and triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. Mod Pathol. 24:194–200. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Shao L, Wood CG, Zhang D, Tannir NM, Matin S, Dinney CP and Wu X: Telomere dysfunction in peripheral lymphocytes as a potential predisposition factor for renal cancer. J Urol. 178:1492–1496. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Rubiś B, Hołysz H, Barczak W, Gryczka R, Łaciński M, Jagielski P, Czernikiewicz A, Półrolniczak A, Wojewoda A, Perz K, et al: Study of ABCB1 polymorphism frequency in breast cancer patients from Poland. Pharmacol Rep. 64:1560–1566. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Cawthon RM: Telomere length measurement by a novel monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method. Nucleic Acids Res. 37:e212009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

O'Callaghan NJ and Fenech M: A quantitative PCR method for measuring absolute telomere length. Biol Proced Online. 13:32011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kimura M, Stone RC, Hunt SC, Skurnick J, Lu X, Cao X, Harley CB and Aviv A: Measurement of telomere length by the Southern blot analysis of terminal restriction fragment lengths. Nat Protoc. 5:1596–1607. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Gruszecka A, Kopczyński P, Cudziło D, Lipińska N, Romaniuk A, Barczak W, Rozwadowska N, Totoń E and Rubiś B: Telomere shortening in Down syndrome patients - when does it start? DNA Cell Biol. 34:412–417. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Härle-Bachor C and Boukamp P: Telomerase activity in the regenerative basal layer of the epidermis inhuman skin and in immortal and carcinoma-derived skin keratinocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:6476–6481. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Hiyama E, Tatsumoto N, Kodama T, Hiyama K, Shay J and Yokoyama T: Telomerase activity in human intestine. Int J Oncol. 9:453–458. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Yasumoto S, Kunimura C, Kikuchi K, Tahara H, Ohji H, Yamamoto H, Ide T and Utakoji T: Telomerase activity in normal human epithelial cells. Oncogene. 13:433–439. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Yui J, Chiu CP and Lansdorp PM: Telomerase activity in candidate stem cells from fetal liver and adult bone marrow. Blood. 91:3255–3262. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Huang YK, Fan XG, Qiu F and Wang ZM: Combined detection of mRNA expression of Alpha-fetoprotein in peripheral blood and telomerase activity of monocytes in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Hepatogastroenterology. 60:1–5. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Lu L, Zhang C, Zhu G, Irwin M, Risch H, Menato G, Mitidieri M, Katsaros D and Yu H: Telomerase expression and telomere length in breast cancer and their associations with adjuvant treatment and disease outcome. Breast Cancer Res. 13:R562011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Merchant NB, Dutta SK, Girotra M, Arora M and Meltzer SJ: Evidence for enhanced telomerase activity in Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 14:679–683. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Bau DT, Lippman SM, Xu E, Gong Y, Lee JJ, Wu X and Gu J: Short telomere lengths in peripheral blood leukocytes are associated with an increased risk of oral premalignant lesion and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer. 119:4277–4283. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Lan Q, Cawthon R, Gao Y, Hu W, Hosgood HD III, Barone-Adesi F, Ji BT, Bassig B, Chow WH, Shu X, et al: Longer telomere length in peripheral white blood cells is associated with risk of lung cancer and the rs2736100 (CLPTM1L-TERT) polymorphism in a prospective cohort study among women in China. PLoS One. 8:e592302013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Qin Q, Sun J, Yin J, Liu L, Chen J, Zhang Y, Li T, Shi Y, Wei S and Nie S: Telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes is associated with risk of colorectal cancer in Chinese population. PLoS One. 9:e881352014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Wang S, Chen Y, Qu F, He S, Huang X, Jiang H, Jin T, Wan S and Xing J: Association between leukocyte telomere length and glioma risk: A case-control study. Neuro Oncol. 16:505–512. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Kim S, Sandler DP, Carswell G, De Roo LA, Parks CG, Cawthon R, Weinberg CR and Taylor JA: Telomere length in peripheral blood and breast cancer risk in a prospective case-cohort analysis: Results from the Sister Study. Cancer Causes Control. 22:1061–1066. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zhou X, Meeker AK, Makambi KH, Kosti O, Kallakury BV, Sidawy MK, Loffredo CA and Zheng YL: Telomere length variation in normal epithelial cells adjacent to tumor: Potential biomarker for breast cancer local recurrence. Carcinogenesis. 33:113–118. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Wentzensen IM, Mirabello L, Pfeiffer RM and Savage SA: The association of telomere length and cancer: A meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 20:1238–1250. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Martin V, Cappuzzo F, Mazzucchelli L and Frattini M: HER2 in solid tumors: More than 10 years under the microscope; where are we now? Future Oncol. 10:1469–1486. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Papanikolaou V, Iliopoulos D, Dimou I, Dubos S, Tsougos I, Theodorou K, Kitsiou-Tzeli S and Tsezou A: The involvement of HER2 and p53 status in the regulation of telomerase in irradiated breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 35:1141–1149. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

37 

Vageli D, Ioannou MG and Koukoulis GK: Transcriptional activation of hTERT in breast carcinomas by the Her2-ER81-related pathway. Oncol Res. 17:413–423. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Sugishita Y, Kammori M, Yamada O, Poon SS, Kobayashi M, Onoda N, Yamazaki K, Fukumori T, Yoshikawa K, Onose H, et al: Amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 gene in differentiated thyroid cancer correlates with telomere shortening. Int J Oncol. 42:1589–1596. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

39 

Shen J, Terry MB, Liao Y, Gurvich I, Wang Q, Senie RT and Santella RM: Genetic variation in telomere maintenance genes, telomere length and breast cancer risk. PLoS One. 7:e443082012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Barczak W, Rozwadowska N, Romaniuk A, Lipińska N, Lisiak N, Grodecka‑Gazdecka S, Książek K and Rubiś B: Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer. Oncol Lett 11: 2305-2309, 2016.
APA
Barczak, W., Rozwadowska, N., Romaniuk, A., Lipińska, N., Lisiak, N., Grodecka‑Gazdecka, S. ... Rubiś, B. (2016). Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer. Oncology Letters, 11, 2305-2309. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4188
MLA
Barczak, W., Rozwadowska, N., Romaniuk, A., Lipińska, N., Lisiak, N., Grodecka‑Gazdecka, S., Książek, K., Rubiś, B."Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer". Oncology Letters 11.3 (2016): 2305-2309.
Chicago
Barczak, W., Rozwadowska, N., Romaniuk, A., Lipińska, N., Lisiak, N., Grodecka‑Gazdecka, S., Książek, K., Rubiś, B."Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer". Oncology Letters 11, no. 3 (2016): 2305-2309. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4188
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Barczak W, Rozwadowska N, Romaniuk A, Lipińska N, Lisiak N, Grodecka‑Gazdecka S, Książek K and Rubiś B: Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer. Oncol Lett 11: 2305-2309, 2016.
APA
Barczak, W., Rozwadowska, N., Romaniuk, A., Lipińska, N., Lisiak, N., Grodecka‑Gazdecka, S. ... Rubiś, B. (2016). Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer. Oncology Letters, 11, 2305-2309. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4188
MLA
Barczak, W., Rozwadowska, N., Romaniuk, A., Lipińska, N., Lisiak, N., Grodecka‑Gazdecka, S., Książek, K., Rubiś, B."Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer". Oncology Letters 11.3 (2016): 2305-2309.
Chicago
Barczak, W., Rozwadowska, N., Romaniuk, A., Lipińska, N., Lisiak, N., Grodecka‑Gazdecka, S., Książek, K., Rubiś, B."Telomere length assessment in leukocytes presents potential diagnostic value in patients with breast cancer". Oncology Letters 11, no. 3 (2016): 2305-2309. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4188
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team