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Article

The impact of metformin and salinomycin on transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines

Corrigendum in: /10.3892/ol.2025.15157
  • Authors:
    • Stefan Koeck
    • Arno Amann
    • Julia M. Huber
    • Gabriele Gamerith
    • Wolfgang Hilbe
    • Heinz Zwierzina
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Internal Medicine V, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
  • Pages: 2946-2952
    |
    Published online on: March 9, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4323
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Abstract

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is highly involved in the development of metastases. EMT transforms epithelial carcinoma cells into mesenchymal-like cells, characterized by increased cell migration and invasiveness. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) appears to be crucial in this process. Metformin and salinomycin have demonstrated an EMT inhibitory effect. The current experiments indicate that these substances specifically inhibit TGFβ-induced EMT in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. The NSCLC cell lines A549 and HCC4006 were stimulated with TGFβ for 48 h to induce EMT. Metformin or salinomycin was added simultaneously with TGFβ to inhibit TGFβ‑induced EMT. Western blot analyses of E‑cadherin and vimentin were performed to detect changes in EMT marker expression, and a wound healing assay was conducted to determine the potential effects on cell migration. The effects of the two drugs on cell viability were also investigated using MTS tetrazolium dye assays. The results revealed that cells undergoing EMT by application of TGFβ exhibited a downregulation of E‑cadherin and an upregulation of vimentin protein expression on western blot analyses, and an increased capacity for cell migration. Simultaneous application of TGFβ and metformin specifically inhibited EMT and increased E‑cadherin expression. At the higher dose tested, salinomycin also inhibited EMT, despite an increase in vimentin expression in the two cell lines. Furthermore, metformin and salinomycin, at the two concentrations tested, inhibited cell migration. These findings demonstrate that metformin and salinomycin are able to block EMT and inhibit EMT‑induced cell migration. Thus, these two substances are novel EMT inhibiting drugs that have the potential to specifically control EMT and metastatic spread in NSCLC.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Koeck S, Amann A, Huber JM, Gamerith G, Hilbe W and Zwierzina H: The impact of metformin and salinomycin on transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2025.15157. Oncol Lett 11: 2946-2952, 2016.
APA
Koeck, S., Amann, A., Huber, J.M., Gamerith, G., Hilbe, W., & Zwierzina, H. (2016). The impact of metformin and salinomycin on transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2025.15157. Oncology Letters, 11, 2946-2952. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4323
MLA
Koeck, S., Amann, A., Huber, J. M., Gamerith, G., Hilbe, W., Zwierzina, H."The impact of metformin and salinomycin on transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2025.15157". Oncology Letters 11.4 (2016): 2946-2952.
Chicago
Koeck, S., Amann, A., Huber, J. M., Gamerith, G., Hilbe, W., Zwierzina, H."The impact of metformin and salinomycin on transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2025.15157". Oncology Letters 11, no. 4 (2016): 2946-2952. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4323
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Koeck S, Amann A, Huber JM, Gamerith G, Hilbe W and Zwierzina H: The impact of metformin and salinomycin on transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2025.15157. Oncol Lett 11: 2946-2952, 2016.
APA
Koeck, S., Amann, A., Huber, J.M., Gamerith, G., Hilbe, W., & Zwierzina, H. (2016). The impact of metformin and salinomycin on transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2025.15157. Oncology Letters, 11, 2946-2952. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4323
MLA
Koeck, S., Amann, A., Huber, J. M., Gamerith, G., Hilbe, W., Zwierzina, H."The impact of metformin and salinomycin on transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2025.15157". Oncology Letters 11.4 (2016): 2946-2952.
Chicago
Koeck, S., Amann, A., Huber, J. M., Gamerith, G., Hilbe, W., Zwierzina, H."The impact of metformin and salinomycin on transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2025.15157". Oncology Letters 11, no. 4 (2016): 2946-2952. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4323
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