Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
July-2016 Volume 12 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2016 Volume 12 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Autophagy inhibition enhances colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235

  • Authors:
    • Xiaoyu Yang
    • Bingxuan Niu
    • Libo Wang
    • Meiling Chen
    • Xiaochun Kang
    • Luonan Wang
    • Yinghua Ji
    • Jiateng Zhong
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 102-106
    |
    Published online on: May 17, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4590
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway performs a central role in tumorigenesis and is constitutively activated in many malignancies. As a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor currently undergoing evaluation in a phase I/II clinical trial, NVP‑BEZ235 indicates a significant antitumor efficacy in diverse solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Autophagy is a catabolic process that maintains cellular homeostasis and reduces diverse stresses through lysosomal recycling of the unnecessary and damaged cell components. This process is also observed to antagonize the antitumor efficacy of PI3K/mTOR inhibitor agents such as NVP‑BEZ235, via apoptosis inhibition. In the present study, we investigated anti‑proliferative and apoptosis‑inducing ability of NVP‑BEZ235 in SW480 cells and the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in SW480 cells treated with NVP‑BEZ235 in combination with an autophagy inhibitor. The results revealed that, NVP‑BEZ235 effectively inhibit the growth of SW480 cells by targeting the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway and induced apoptosis. The inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine or chloroquine inhibitors in combination with NVP-BEZ235 in SW480 cells enhanced the apoptotic rate as componets to NVP‑BEZ235 alone. In conclusion, the findings provide a rationale for chemotherapy targeting the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway presenting a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance the efficacy of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP‑BEZ235 in combination with an autophagy inhibitor in CRC treatment and treatment of other tumors.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Li Q, Wang D, Li J and Chen P: Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of HER-2/neu and VEGF expression in colon carcinomas. BMC Cancer. 11:2772011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, Wooldrage K, Hart AR, Northover JM, Parkin DM, Wardle J, Duffy SW and Cuzick J: UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Trial Investigators: Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 375:1624–1633. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Li MX, Liu XM, Zhang XF, Zhang JF, Wang WL, Zhu Y, Dong J, Cheng JW, Liu ZW, Ma L, et al: Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 134:2403–2413. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Mathur A, Ware C, Davis L, Gazdar A, Pan BS and Lutterbach B: FGFR2 is amplified in the NCI-H716 colorectal cancer cell line and is required for growth and survival. PLoS One. 9:e985152014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Zimonin FS: Reliable protection of chicks against pullorum disease. Veterinariia. 8:69–70. 1973.(In Russian). PubMed/NCBI

6 

Maira SM, Stauffer F, Brueggen J, Furet P, Schnell C, Fritsch C, Brachmann S, Chène P, De Pover A, Schoemaker K, et al: Identification and characterization of NVP-BEZ235, a new orally available dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor with potent in vivo antitumor activity. Mol Cancer Ther. 7:1851–1863. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Samuels Y, Diaz LA Jr, Schmidt-Kittler O, et al: Mutant PIK3CA promotes cell growth and invasion of human cancer cells. Cancer Cell. 7:561–573. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Carracedo A, Ma L, Teruya-Feldstein J, Rojo F, Salmena L, Alimonti A, Egia A, Sasaki AT, Thomas G, Kozma SC, et al: Inhibition of mTORC1 leads to MAPK pathway activation through a PI3K-dependent feedback loop in human cancer. J Clin Invest. 118:3065–3074. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Carpten JD, Faber AL, Horn C, Donoho GP, Briggs SL, Robbins CM, Hostetter G, Boguslawski S, Moses TY, Savage S, et al: A transforming mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 in cancer. Nature. 448:439–444. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Samuels Y, Wang Z, Bardelli A, Silliman N, Ptak J, Szabo S, Yan H, Gazdar A, Powell SM, Riggins GJ, et al: High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. Science. 304:5542004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Engelman JA, Luo J and Cantley LC: The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism. Nat Rev Genet. 7:606–619. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Zoncu R, Efeyan A and Sabatini DM: mTOR: From growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 12:21–35. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Filomeni G, De Zio D and Cecconi F: Oxidative stress and autophagy: the clash between damage and metabolic needs. Cell Death Differ. 22:377–388. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Eisenberg-Lerner A, Bialik S, Simon HU and Kimchi A: Life and death partners: Apoptosis, autophagy and the cross-talk between them. Cell Death Differ. 16:966–975. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Denton D, Nicolson S and Kumar S: Cell death by autophagy: Facts and apparent artefacts. Cell Death Differ. 19:87–95. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Scarlatti F, Granata R, Meijer AJ and Codogno P: Does autophagy have a license to kill mammalian cells? Cell Death Differ. 16:12–20. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Chen HY and White E: Role of autophagy in cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 4:973–983. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Murrow L and Debnath J: Autophagy as a stress-response and quality-control mechanism: Implications for cell injury and human disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 8:105–137. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Janku F, McConkey DJ, Hong DS and Kurzrock R: Autophagy as a target for anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 8:528–539. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Rubinsztein DC, Codogno P and Levine B: Autophagy modulation as a potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 11:709–730. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Ogino S and Goel A: Molecular classification and correlates in colorectal cancer. J Mol Diagn. 10:13–27. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Lao VV and Grady WM: Epigenetics and colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 8:686–700. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Generali D, Fox SB, Brizzi MP, Allevi G, Bonardi S, Aguggini S, Milani M, Bersiga A, Campo L, Dionisio R, et al: Down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/AKT/molecular target of rapamycin metabolic pathway by primary letrozole-based therapy in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 14:2673–2680. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Masuda M, Shimomura M, Kobayashi K, Kojima S and Nakatsura T: Growth inhibition by NVP-BEZ235, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Oncol Rep. 26:1273–1279. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Herrera VA, Zeindl-Eberhart E, Jung A, Huber RM and Bergner A: The dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 is effective in lung cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res. 31:849–854. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Mirzoeva OK, Hann B, Hom YK, Debnath J, Aftab D, Shokat K and Korn WM: Autophagy suppression promotes apoptotic cell death in response to inhibition of the PI3K-mTOR pathway in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Mol Med Berl. 89:877–889. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Potter DS, Kelly P, Denneny O, Juvin V, Stephens LR, Dive C and Morrow CJ: BMX acts downstream of PI3K to promote colorectal cancer cell survival and pathway inhibition sensitizes to the BH3 mimetic ABT-737. Neoplasia. 16:147–157. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Markman B, Dienstmann R and Tabernero J: Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway - beyond rapalogs. Oncotarget. 1:530–543. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Prevo R, Deutsch E, Sampson O, Diplexcito J, Cengel K, Harper J, O'Neill P, McKenna WG, Patel S and Bernhard EJ: Class I PI3 kinase inhibition by the pyridinylfuranopyrimidine inhibitor PI-103 enhances tumor radiosensitivity. Cancer Res. 68:5915–5923. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Wan X, Harkavy B, Shen N, Grohar P and Helman LJ: Rapamycin induces feedback activation of Akt signaling through an IGF-1R-dependent mechanism. Oncogene. 26:1932–1940. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Fan QW, Knight ZA, Goldenberg DD, Yu W, Mostov KE, Stokoe D, Shokat KM and Weiss WA: A dual PI3 kinase/mTOR inhibitor reveals emergent efficacy in glioma. Cancer Cell. 9:341–349. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Kurtz JE and Ray-Coquard I: PI3 kinase inhibitors in the clinic: an update. Anticancer Res. 32:2463–2470. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Yang F, Qian XJ, Qin W, Deng R, Wu XQ, Qin J, Feng GK and Zhu XF: Dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 has a therapeutic potential and sensitizes cisplatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One. 8:e598792013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Liu TJ, Koul D, LaFortune T, Tiao N, Shen RJ, Maira SM, Garcia-Echevrria C and Yung WK: NVP-BEZ235, a novel dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, elicits multifaceted antitumor activities in human gliomas. Mol Cancer Ther. 8:2204–2210. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Brachmann SM, Hofmann I, Schnell C, Fritsch C, Wee S, Lane H, Wang S, Garcia-Echeverria C and Maira SM: Specific apoptosis induction by the dual PI3K/mTor inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 in HER2 amplified and PIK3CA mutant breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:22299–22304. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

McMillin DW, Ooi M, Delmore J, Negri J, Hayden P, Mitsiades N, Jakubikova J, Maira SM, Garcia-Echeverria C, Schlossman R, et al: Antimyeloma activity of the orally bioavailable dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235. Cancer Res. 69:5835–5842. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Fujiwara K, Iwado E, Mills GB, Sawaya R, Kondo S and Kondo Y: Akt inhibitor shows anticancer and radiosensitizing effects in malignant glioma cells by inducing autophagy. Int J Oncol. 31:753–760. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Yang S, Xiao X, Meng X and Leslie KK: A mechanism for synergy with combined mTOR and PI3 kinase inhibitors. PLoS One. 6:e263432011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Yang Y, Xing D, Zhou F and Chen Q: Mitochondrial autophagy protects against heat shock-induced apoptosis through reducing cytosolic cytochrome c release and downstream caspase-3 activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 395:190–195. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Xu CX, Zhao L, Yue P, Fang G, Tao H, Owonikoko TK, Ramalingam SS, Khuri FR and Sun SY: Augmentation of NVP-BEZ235′s anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells by blockage of autophagy. Cancer Biol Ther. 12:549–555. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Cerniglia GJ, Karar J, Tyagi S, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Rengan R, Koumenis C and Maity A: Inhibition of autophagy as a strategy to augment radiosensitization by the dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235. Mol Pharmacol. 82:1230–1240. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ghadimi MP, Lopez G, Torres KE, Belousov R, Young ED, Liu J, Brewer KJ, Hoffman A, Lusby K, Lazar AJ, et al: Targeting the PI3K/mTOR axis, alone and in combination with autophagy blockade, for the treatment of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Mol Cancer Ther. 11:1758–1769. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang X, Niu B, Wang L, Chen M, Kang X, Wang L, Ji Y and Zhong J: Autophagy inhibition enhances colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235. Oncol Lett 12: 102-106, 2016.
APA
Yang, X., Niu, B., Wang, L., Chen, M., Kang, X., Wang, L. ... Zhong, J. (2016). Autophagy inhibition enhances colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235. Oncology Letters, 12, 102-106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4590
MLA
Yang, X., Niu, B., Wang, L., Chen, M., Kang, X., Wang, L., Ji, Y., Zhong, J."Autophagy inhibition enhances colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235". Oncology Letters 12.1 (2016): 102-106.
Chicago
Yang, X., Niu, B., Wang, L., Chen, M., Kang, X., Wang, L., Ji, Y., Zhong, J."Autophagy inhibition enhances colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235". Oncology Letters 12, no. 1 (2016): 102-106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4590
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang X, Niu B, Wang L, Chen M, Kang X, Wang L, Ji Y and Zhong J: Autophagy inhibition enhances colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235. Oncol Lett 12: 102-106, 2016.
APA
Yang, X., Niu, B., Wang, L., Chen, M., Kang, X., Wang, L. ... Zhong, J. (2016). Autophagy inhibition enhances colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235. Oncology Letters, 12, 102-106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4590
MLA
Yang, X., Niu, B., Wang, L., Chen, M., Kang, X., Wang, L., Ji, Y., Zhong, J."Autophagy inhibition enhances colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235". Oncology Letters 12.1 (2016): 102-106.
Chicago
Yang, X., Niu, B., Wang, L., Chen, M., Kang, X., Wang, L., Ji, Y., Zhong, J."Autophagy inhibition enhances colorectal cancer apoptosis induced by dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235". Oncology Letters 12, no. 1 (2016): 102-106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4590
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team