Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
November-2016 Volume 12 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2016 Volume 12 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Colorectal cancer patients exhibit increased levels of galanin in serum and colon tissues

  • Authors:
    • Przemysław Kwiatkowski
    • Janusz Godlewski
    • Jacek Kieżun
    • Bartłomiej Emil Kraziński
    • Zbigniew Kmieć
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Human Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10‑082 Olsztyn, Poland
    Copyright: © Kwiatkowski et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3323-3329
    |
    Published online on: August 23, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5037
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Galanin (GAL) is a 30-amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed in both the central and peripheral nervous system, including the enteric nervous system (ENS). Increased GAL concentrations have been identified in the blood of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The aim of the present study was to assess whether sections of the colon wall containing ENS plexuses or CRC tumor are associated with increased GAL concentrations. Blood samples were collected from 68 CRC patients and 39 healthy volunteers. In addition, samples of CRC tumors and colon wall tissue in close proximity to and distant from the neoplastic tissue were obtained from 22 CRC patients. The GAL concentration of sera and tissue homogenates obtained from three sections of the colon wall (mucosa with submucosa, muscularis externa and CRC tumor) was analyzed by ELISA. The localization of GAL was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and morphometry was used to measure the distribution of GAL‑immunoreactive (GAL‑Ir) myenteric plexuses in the vicinity of cancer invasion and in sections of the colon wall distant from the tumor. The GAL serum concentration of CRC patients was 2.4 times higher than that of the control group. The GAL concentration was highest in the homogenates of neoplastic tissue and mucosa obtained from the control (distant) section of the intestinal wall, followed by that in the mucosa and muscularis externa proximal to the tumor. The lowest GAL concentrations were identified within the muscular layer of the colon wall located distant from the tumor. Strong GAL immunoreactivity was identified in the cancer cells, intestinal epithelium and the submucosal and myenteric plexuses. Morphometric analysis revealed that the GAL‑Ir myenteric plexuses in the vicinity of tumor infiltration were significantly smaller in size than those in the intact section of the large intestine. Furthermore, no associations were identified between the clinicopathological characteristics of CRC patients and GAL serum and tissue concentration. The increased GAL serum concentrations observed in CRC patients in comparison to healthy controls may result from GAL secretion by CRC tumors, however, other sources of GAL cannot be excluded. The atrophy of myenteric plexuses within close proximity to the tumor may affect the colon function of CRC patients. In conclusion, investigation into the presence of GAL in the colon wall and serum of CRC patients revealed that serum and tissue GAL levels may present useful potential biomarkers in CRC patients.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D and Bray F: GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013 http://globocan.iarc.frJanuary 16–2015

2 

Keane MG and Johnson GJ: Early diagnosis improves survival in colorectal cancer. Practitioner. 256:15–18. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Chen H, Zucknick M, Werner S, Knebel P and Brenner H: Head-to-head comparison and evaluation of 92 plasma protein biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer in a true screening setting. Clin Cancer Res. 21:3318–3326. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Gonzalez-Pons M and Cruz-Correa M: Colorectal cancer biomarkers: Where are we now? Biomed Res Int. 2015:1490142015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Mitsukawa K, Lu X and Bartfai T: Galanin, galanin receptorss, and drug targetsGalanin. Hökfelt T: 102. Springer; Basel: pp. 7–9. 2010, View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Burleigh DE and Furness JB: Distribution and actions of galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the human colon. Neuropeptides. 16:77–82. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

von Rosenvinge EC and Raufman JP: Gastrointestinal peptides and regulation of gastric acid secretion. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 17:40–43. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Barreto SG, Carati CJ, Toouli J and Saccone GT: The islet-acinar axis of the pancreas: More than just insulin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 299:G10–G22. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Bauer FE, Hacker GW, Terenghi G, Adrian TE, Polak JM and Bloom SR: Localization and molecular forms of galanin in human adrenals: Elevated levels in pheochromocytomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 63:1372–1378. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Grenbäck E, Bjellerup P, Wallerman E, Lundblad L, Anggård A, Ericson K, Aman K, Landry M, Schmidt WE, Hökfelt T and Hulting AL: Galanin in pituitary adenomas. Regul Pept. 117:127–139. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Tuechler C, Hametner R, Jones N, Jones R, Iismaa TP, Sperl W and Kofler B: Galanin and galanin receptor expression in neuroblastoma. Ann NY Acad Sci. 863:438–441. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Sugimoto T, Seki N, Shimizu S, Kikkawa N, Tsukada J, Shimada H, Sasaki K, Hanazawa T, Okamoto Y and Hata A: The galanin signaling cascade is a candidate pathway regulating oncogenesis in human squamous cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 48:132–142. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Gilaberte Y, Vera J, Coscojuela C, Roca MJ, Parrado C and González S: Expression of galanin in melanocytic tumors. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 98:24–34. 2007.(In Spanish). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Kim KY, Kee MK, Chong SA and Nam MJ: Galanin is up-regulated in colon adenocarcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16:2373–2378. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Ries LA, Wingo PA, Miller DS, Howe HL, Weir HK, Rosenberg HM, Vernon SW, Cronin K and Edwards BK: The annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1997, with a special section on colorectal cancer. Cancer. 88:2398–2424. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Godlewski J and Łakomy IM: Changes in vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase- activating polypeptide and neuropeptide Y-ergic structures of the enteric nervous system in the carcinoma of the human large intestine. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 48:208–216. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Godlewski J and Pidsudko Z: Characteristic of galaninergic components of the enteric nervous system in the cancer invasion of human large intestine. Ann Anat. 194:368–372. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Godlewski J: Morphological changes in the enteric nervous system caused by carcinoma of the human large intestine. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 48:157–162. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Godlewski J, Krazinski BE, Kiezun J, Kwiatkowski P, Sulik M, Tenderenda M, Biernat W and Kmiec Z: PLAGL1 protein is differentially expressed in the nephron segments and collecting ducts in human kidney. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 53:96–104. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Furness JB: Structure of the enteric nervous systemThe Enteric Nervous System. Wiley-Blackwell; Hoboken, NJ: pp. 62006

21 

Nagayoshi K, Ueki T, Tashiro K, Mizuuchi Y, Manabe T, Araki H, Oda Y, Kuhara S and Tanaka M: Galanin plays an important role in cancer invasiveness and is associated with poor prognosis in stage II colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep. 33:539–546. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Tadros TS, Strauss RM, Cohen C and Gal AA: Galanin immunoreactivity in paragangliomas but not in carcinoid tumors. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 11:250–252. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Berger A, Santic R, Almer D, Hauser-Kronberger C, Huemer M, Humpel C, Stockhammer G, Sperl W and Kofler B: Galanin and galanin receptors in human gliomas. Acta Neuropathol. 105:555–560. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Skotheim RI, Lind GE, Monni O, Nesland JM, Abeler VM, Fosså SD, Duale N, Brunborg G, Kallioniemi O, Andrews PW and Lothe RA: Differentiation of human embryonal carcinomas in vitro and in vivo reveals expression profiles relevant to normal development. Cancer Res. 65:5588–5598. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Benya RV, Marrero JA, Ostrovskiy DA, Koutsouris A and Hecht G: Human colonic epithelial cells express galanin-1 receptors, which when activated cause Cl- secretion. Am J Physiol. 276:G64–G72. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T and Kofler B: Physiology, signaling and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: Three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev. 67:118–175. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Kofler B, Berger A, Santic R, Moritz K, Almer D, Tuechler C, Lang R, Emberger M, Klausegger A, Sperl W and Bauer JW: Expression of neuropeptide galanin and galanin receptors in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 122:1050–1053. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Stevenson L, Allen WL, Turkington R, Jithesh PV, Proutski I, Stewart G, Lenz HJ, Van Schaeybroeck S, Longley DB and Johnston PG: Identification of galanin and its receptor GalR1 as novel determinants of resistance to chemotherapy and potential biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 18:5412–5426. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Tjomsland V and El-Salhy M: Effects of single, double or triple combinations of octreotide, galanin and serotonin on a human pancreatic cancer cell line. Histol Histopathol. 20:537–541. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Seufferlein T and Rozengurt E: Galanin, neurotensin, and phorbol esters rapidly stimulate activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res. 56:5758–5764. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Hammond PJ, Smith DM, Akinsanya KO, Mufti WA, Wynick D and Bloom SR: Signaling pathways mediating secretory and mitogenic responses to galanin and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the 235-1 clonal rat lactotroph cell line. J Neuroendocrinol. 8:457–464. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Kanazawa T, Misawa K, Misawa Y, Uehara T, Fukushima H, Kusaka G, Maruta M and Carey TE: G-protein-coupled receptors: Next generation therapeutic targets in head and neck cancer? Toxins (Basel). 7:2959–2984. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kwiatkowski P, Godlewski J, Kieżun J, Kraziński BE and Kmieć Z: Colorectal cancer patients exhibit increased levels of galanin in serum and colon tissues. Oncol Lett 12: 3323-3329, 2016.
APA
Kwiatkowski, P., Godlewski, J., Kieżun, J., Kraziński, B.E., & Kmieć, Z. (2016). Colorectal cancer patients exhibit increased levels of galanin in serum and colon tissues. Oncology Letters, 12, 3323-3329. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5037
MLA
Kwiatkowski, P., Godlewski, J., Kieżun, J., Kraziński, B. E., Kmieć, Z."Colorectal cancer patients exhibit increased levels of galanin in serum and colon tissues". Oncology Letters 12.5 (2016): 3323-3329.
Chicago
Kwiatkowski, P., Godlewski, J., Kieżun, J., Kraziński, B. E., Kmieć, Z."Colorectal cancer patients exhibit increased levels of galanin in serum and colon tissues". Oncology Letters 12, no. 5 (2016): 3323-3329. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5037
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kwiatkowski P, Godlewski J, Kieżun J, Kraziński BE and Kmieć Z: Colorectal cancer patients exhibit increased levels of galanin in serum and colon tissues. Oncol Lett 12: 3323-3329, 2016.
APA
Kwiatkowski, P., Godlewski, J., Kieżun, J., Kraziński, B.E., & Kmieć, Z. (2016). Colorectal cancer patients exhibit increased levels of galanin in serum and colon tissues. Oncology Letters, 12, 3323-3329. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5037
MLA
Kwiatkowski, P., Godlewski, J., Kieżun, J., Kraziński, B. E., Kmieć, Z."Colorectal cancer patients exhibit increased levels of galanin in serum and colon tissues". Oncology Letters 12.5 (2016): 3323-3329.
Chicago
Kwiatkowski, P., Godlewski, J., Kieżun, J., Kraziński, B. E., Kmieć, Z."Colorectal cancer patients exhibit increased levels of galanin in serum and colon tissues". Oncology Letters 12, no. 5 (2016): 3323-3329. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.5037
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team