Flexible magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging for the diagnosis of uterine cervical tumors: A cooperative study among gastrointestinal endoscopists and gynecologists to explore a novel microvascular classification system

  • Authors:
    • Noriko Nishiyama
    • Kenji Kanenishi
    • Hirohito Mori
    • Hideki Kobara
    • Shintaro Fujihara
    • Taiga Chiyo
    • Nobuya Kobayashi
    • Tae Matsunaga
    • Maki Ayaki
    • Tatsuo Yachida
    • Ayako Fujimori
    • Makoto Oryu
    • Chiaki Tenkumo
    • Megumi Ishibashi
    • Uiko Hanaoka
    • Toshiyuki Hata
    • Yumi Miyai
    • Kyuichi Kadota
    • Reiji Haba
    • Tsutomu Masaki
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: May 11, 2017     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6157
  • Pages: 355-362
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Abstract

Narrow band imaging with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME), which is useful for the assessment of micro‑vessels, has excellent diagnostic potential for early gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia. Conventional diagnostic tools for uterine cervical epithelial tumors are still unsatisfactory. An accurate diagnostic tool for uterine cervical epithelial tumors is required to preserve the reproductive ability of young women with uterine cervical tumors. Flexible NBI‑ME was performed in patients with cervical squamous cell lesions that required further examinations based on their Pap smear results (cytology ≥ low‑grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) at Kagawa University Hospital between April 2014 and April 2015. NBI‑ME results concordant with the punch biopsy sites were compared with the histological results. A retrospective review of the NBI‑ME images identified abnormal NBI‑ME results regarding micro‑vascular patterns. All images were categorized as having abnormal features. NBI‑ME revealed the following vascular pattern differences of different stage tumors: Dot‑like vessels without irregular arrangements and high density in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) CIN1‑CIN2; dot‑like vessels with irregular arrangements and high density in CIN3‑carcinoma in situ; crawling vessels in minimum invasive cancer; and willow branch vessels and new tumor vessels in invasive cancer. NBI‑ME may be an effective diagnostic tool for uterine cervical epithelial tumors, which may lead to the establishment of a novel classification system.

Introduction

At present, uterine cervical cancer is a common malignant neoplasm in females (1), and 40% of cervical cancer patients are diagnosed during reproductive age. Therefore, invasive surgeries to remove cervical cancer should be avoided in suitable cases to preserve childbearing abilities (2).

While the Pap smear is the standard cervical cancer screening method, the overall sensitivity (65%) of the Pap smear is not satisfactory (3). Abnormal results from a Pap-screening test are followed by a colposcopy for histological confirmation. However, colposcopy also fails to detect 30–50% of prevalent high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (4). While the current colposcopic classification system intends to improve the performance of colposcopy, accurate diagnostic yield is still <55%, even for cervical cancer (5).

Narrow band imaging with magnifying endoscopy (NBI-ME), which is useful for the assessment of micro-vessels, has demonstrated outstanding ability for the detection of early gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial neoplasia (612). Magnifying endoscopy enables the capture of images ≤80-fold compared with conventional endoscopy. The NBI system is an advanced optical system, which enhances the visualization of micro-vascular architecture and micro-surface structures using narrower bands of blue and green filters compared with conventional white light imaging (13). Therefore, ME-NBI, a combination of magnification endoscopy and NBI, may improve the detection and diagnosis of GI neoplasia with specific micro-vascular and surface abnormalities. The associations between ME-NBI appearance and pathology of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions have been demonstrated with strong clinical evidence. A number of diagnostic classification systems for GI neoplasia have been established by clarifying these characteristic ME-NBI findings (6,7,12). Notably, the ME-NBI findings of irregular micro-vascular pattern with a demarcation line and/or irregular micro-surface pattern with a demarcation line have been proposed to be essential for accurate diagnosis of early gastric cancer (7). Therefore, ME-NBI may have important roles in the diagnosis of distinguishing between GI cancerous and noncancerous lesions.

Therefore, the ability of NBI-ME to diagnose uterine cervical lesions was determined by performing a collaborative study with GI endoscopists and gynecologists.

Patients and methods

Patients and methods

Flexible NBI-ME was performed in patients with squamous cell cervical lesions that required further examinations based on their Pap smear results (cytology ≥ low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) at Kagawa University Hospital (Miki, Japan). Patients with cervical adenocarcinoma were excluded. A total of 10 patients with a mean age of 39 years (range, 29–65 years) who underwent NBI-ME between April 2014 and April 2015 were enrolled in the present study. A magnifying endoscope (GIF-H260Z; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with an NBI system (EVIS EXERA II; Olympus Corporation) was used during all procedures. Two experienced endoscopists performed endoscopic examinations of the cervix with one senior gynecologist. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kagawa University Hospital and was registered under the UMIN no. 000014933. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Endoscopic procedure

Transvaginal endoscopic examination was performed by an endoscopist at the endoscopy unit (Kagawa University Hospital) and a gynecologist, who assisted using a Cusco speculum to obtain cervical visibility. The entire circumference of the cervix was observed under white light imaging, and NBI-ME was continuously utilized. The observation procedure was performed at long, middle, and short distances (max 80 power zoom; similar to endoscopic examination of the GI tract). The NBI-ME findings were recorded to develop a schema of the cervix (Fig. 1A). A normal uterine cervix was characterized by an internal ostium of the uterus with columnar, transitional and squamous epithelium in order from the inside. Intrapapillary protruded loop vessels, which appeared in the area of transitional and squamous epithelium were defined as dot vessels. A representative normal uterine cervix is presented in Fig. 1B-D.

A gynecologist then performed a routine colposcopy and obtained punch biopsies at the abnormal site (according to the NBI-ME examinations). An abnormal appearance during a colposcopy is defined as mucosal thickness with whitish or abnormal vessels (mosaic or punctuated patterns). Histological results were confirmed with punch biopsies obtained during colposcopy or conization and extended hysterectomies. Biopsy tissues were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and were further processed into paraffin-embedded blocks. Sections (3 µm) were cut from each paraffin block. Pathology was assessed by three experienced pathologists using a light microscope (Eclipse 55i; Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) based on hematoxylin and eosin staining.

Outcome measures

NBI-ME findings concordant with the punch biopsy sites were compared with the histological results. A retrospective review of the NBI-ME images identified the following abnormal NBI-ME findings regarding micro-vascular patterns: i) presence of dot vessels, where a dot was defined as a dilatation of an intrapapillary protruded loop vessel; ii) irregular arrangement of dots; iii) high density of dots; iv) caliber change of the micro-vasculature; and v) new tumor vessels, defined as a dilated vessel two times larger than the perivascular vessels. All images were categorized as having abnormal features by the consensus of two experienced endoscopists.

Results

A total of 10 patients underwent endoscopic examinations using NBI-ME for the detection of cervical abnormalities. The final diagnoses (based on histology) were as follows: Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM; n=1), CIN1 (n=2), CIN2 (n=2), CIN3 (n=1), CIS (n=2), microinvasive cancer (MIC; n=1), and invasive cancer (IC; n=1; Table I). The detection rate of abnormal cervical lesions was 90% (9/10), excluding one normal case.

Table I.

Clinicopathological data of 10 patients who underwent endoscopic examinations using flexible NBI-ME.

Table I.

Clinicopathological data of 10 patients who underwent endoscopic examinations using flexible NBI-ME.

No.Age (years)Pre-examination detailsNBI findings (microvascular)Location of lesionColposcopic findingsDiagnostic methodCircumference: Final diagnosis
133Pregnant, following chemotherapy for SCCIrregular arrangement High density Caliber change New tumor vessels9′-11′W2Extended hysterectomy9′-11′ SCC
254During CIN1 follow-upPresence of dot-like vessels Regular arrangement11′W1Punch biopsy by colposcopy11′ CIN1
331Pregnant, during CIN1 follow-upPresence of dot-like vessels Regular arrangement6′W1Punch biopsy by colposcopy6′ CIN1
433During CIN1-2 follow-upPresence of dot-like vessels Regular arrangement7′12′,7′ W1Punch biopsy by colposcopy7′ CIN1 12′ CIN2
529During CIN1-3 follow-upPresence of dot-like vessels Regular arrangement6′5′,6′ W1Punch biopsy by colposcopy5′,6′ CIN2
665Introduction with MICPresence of dot-like vessels Irregular arrangement High density12′-4′, 6′-8′W1-2Conization2′-11′CIN3-CIS
735During ASC-US follow-upThere are no dot-like vessels11′-3′W1Punch biopsy by colposcopyNormal finding
833Pregnant, during ASC-H follow-upIrregular arrangement High density Caliber change12′, 2′-5′M2Conization7′ CIN3 2–5′ MIC
930Introduction with CIN3Presence of dot-like vessels Irregular arrangement High density1′,8′-12′9′ W2Conization5′-12′ CIN1 1′-4′ CIN3
1055During CIN1 observationPresence of dot-like vessels Irregular arrangement High density5′5′,6′ W2Conization5′ CIS

[i] NBI-ME, narrow band imaging with magnification endoscopy; M2, coarse mosaic; W1, flat acetowhite epithelium; W2, dense acetowhite epithelium; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; CIS, carcinoma in situ; MIC, minimum invasive cancer; IC, invasive cancer.

Microvascular features of the uterine cervix were evaluated by NBI-ME. The vascular patterns of the cervical tumors at each stage were different. Dot like vessels were observed in 7 patients with cervical disease: CIN1 (n=2), CIN2 (n=2), CIN3 (n=1), and CIS (n=2). Irregular arrangements were observed in 5 patients: CIN3 (n=1), CIS (n=2), MIC (n=1), and IC (n=1). Tumor stage was similar in patients with high density dots compared with patients with irregular arrangements. Caliber changes were observed in 2 cases: MIC (n=1) and IC (n=1). New tumor vessels were observed in one case: IC (n=1). No adverse events resulted from the NBI-ME observations. The NBI-ME findings from patients with CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, CIS, MIC, and IC are summarized in Table II. CIN1 was defined as a slight increase in the number of dots compared with normal tissues (Fig. 2). CIN2 was defined as a mild increase in the number of dots compared with normal tissues (Fig. 3). CIN3 was defined as the elongation of dots with slightly irregular arrangements and a large increase in the number of dots compared with normal tissues (Fig. 4). CIS was defined as the elongation of dots with severely irregular arrangements and a large increase in the number of dots compared with normal tissues (Fig. 5). MIC was defined as the presence of crawling vessels with irregular arrangements, high densities and caliber changes (Fig. 6). IC was defined as the presence of irregular, high density willow branch vessels and new tumor vessels (Fig. 7). Histological findings of the different stages were demonstrated in Figs. 27, respectively (hematoxylin and eosin staining; magnification, ×20). A novel classification system (Table III) was proposed based on the data from the present study.

Table II.

Microvascular findings via NBI-ME in 10 patients.

Table II.

Microvascular findings via NBI-ME in 10 patients.

ParametersNormalCIN1CIN2CIN3CISMICIC
Total number of patients1221211
Characteristics of NBI-ME findings
  Presence of dots0111111100
  Irregular arrangement of dots0000011111
  High density of dots0000011111
  Caliber change of vessels0000000011
  New tumor vessels0000000001

[i] NBI-ME, narrow band imaging with magnification endoscopy; dots, dilation of intrapapillary protruded loop vessels; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; CIS, carcinoma in situ; MIC, minimum invasive cancer; IC, invasive cancer.

Table III.

Proposed microvascular classification system via NBI-ME for uterine cervical neoplasms.

Table III.

Proposed microvascular classification system via NBI-ME for uterine cervical neoplasms.

ClassificationNormalCIN1CIN2CIN3CISMICIC
Values
  Vascular changeNo vascular dilatationPresence of dotsPresence of dotsElongation of dotsElongation of dotsMulti-caliber vessel changesNew tumor vessels (2x dilated vessels, like IPCL)
ArrangementRegularRegularRegularIrregular (slight)Irregular (severe)Irregular (severe)Irregular (severe)
Density PostscriptRegularSlightMildHighHighHigh Crawling vesselHigh Willow branch

[i] Microvascular features of cervical neoplasms of every stage identified by NBI-ME. NBI-ME, narrow band imaging with magnification endoscopy; dots, dilation of intrapapillary protruded loop vessels; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; CIS, carcinoma in situ; MIC, minimum invasive cancer; IC, invasive cancer; IPCL, intra-epithelial papillary capillary loop.

Discussion

An NBI system has been proposed to be valuable for the diagnosis of early GI neoplasm (612). The NBI system is currently utilized in the gynecological field. It has previously been demonstrated that colposcopy with the NBI system is effective for the diagnosis of cervical adenocarcinoma (14) and that flexible hysteroscopy with NBI may be useful for the diagnosis of malignant endometrial lesions (15). However, it is difficult to evaluate the microvascular pattern of tumors in detail, because the NBI mode does not have a high magnification function. Inoue et al (6) demonstrated that it is possible to classify the micro-vascular pattern of intrapapillary capillary loops in squamous esophageal neoplasms by NBI-ME. Furthermore, Yao et al (7,8) described a micro-vascular and micro-surface classification system for tubular epithelium that is useful for distinguishing early gastric neoplasms from other lesions.

In accordance with these results, NBI-ME was expected to be an excellent tool for the diagnosis of uterine cervical neoplasms, similar to the diagnoses of epithelial neoplasms of the GI tract. In the present study, NBI-ME was demonstrated to reveal different characteristics of tumors of different stages, as listed in Table III. This is the first report of the potential diagnostic value of NBI-ME for uterine cervical tumors.

GI endoscopists currently serve an important role in other areas in addition to gastroenterology. The first-ever application of endoscopic hemostatic forceps for active cervical bleeding was previously reported by our group (16). This idea was based on the advances made in endoscopic skills and devices. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for malignant epithelial tumors has been well established in the field of gastroenterology. ESD facilitates technical maneuvers under direct vision. Novel modalities, including NBI-ME, and minimally invasive endoscopic treatments, including ESD, may have multiple benefits compared with conventional procedures. For example, NBI-ME is able to detect early pharyngeal carcinomas (17), and ESD endoscopists are able to perform curative resection of pharyngeal epithelial carcinomas (18). The collaboration of gastro-endoscopists and physicians in other fields is now an option for overcoming conventional issues. Laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery has been introduced clinically for local resection of intraluminal type GI stromal tumors (19). Endoscopists are able to perform endoscopic full-thickness resection (20) with an accurately set marginal line and controlled bleeding. As one method of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, gastro-endoscopists, surgeons, and gynecologists act cooperatively when performing cholecystectomy via the vagina (21).

Therefore, the introduction of NBI-ME for uterine cervical lesions in patients treated collaboratively by GI endoscopists and gynecologists is reasonable and represents a novel, team approach. NBI-ME has certain advantages over colposcopy. First, endoscopy (×80 magnification) has a higher magnification power than colposcopy (×23.7 magnification). Second, it is possible to accurately acquire the target lesion with biopsy forceps, and spray acetic acid under direct vision through the scope. Third, it is possible to observe the cervix by endoscopy in a left lateral decubitus position instead of the lithotomy position. However, the present study was a single-center, preliminary study with a small sample size. In addition, the limitation of the present study is that, in our experience, only squamous cell lesions are involved except for columnar lesions. A large prospective study is required to confirm the diagnostic value of this novel method. A comparative prospective study with a large number of cases is now being performed at Kagawa University Hospital.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that NBI-ME may be a valuable option for the diagnosis of uterine cervical epithelial tumors, may result in the establishment of a novel classification system, and may contribute to further developments in the gynecologic field.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

NBI-ME

narrow band imaging with magnification endoscopy

GI

gastrointestinal

CIN

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

CIS

carcinoma in situ

MIC

microinvasive cancer

IC

invasive cancer

ESD

endoscopic submucosal dissection

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July-2017
Volume 14 Issue 1

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Spandidos Publications style
Nishiyama N, Kanenishi K, Mori H, Kobara H, Fujihara S, Chiyo T, Kobayashi N, Matsunaga T, Ayaki M, Yachida T, Yachida T, et al: Flexible magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging for the diagnosis of uterine cervical tumors: A cooperative study among gastrointestinal endoscopists and gynecologists to explore a novel microvascular classification system. Oncol Lett 14: 355-362, 2017
APA
Nishiyama, N., Kanenishi, K., Mori, H., Kobara, H., Fujihara, S., Chiyo, T. ... Masaki, T. (2017). Flexible magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging for the diagnosis of uterine cervical tumors: A cooperative study among gastrointestinal endoscopists and gynecologists to explore a novel microvascular classification system. Oncology Letters, 14, 355-362. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6157
MLA
Nishiyama, N., Kanenishi, K., Mori, H., Kobara, H., Fujihara, S., Chiyo, T., Kobayashi, N., Matsunaga, T., Ayaki, M., Yachida, T., Fujimori, A., Oryu, M., Tenkumo, C., Ishibashi, M., Hanaoka, U., Hata, T., Miyai, Y., Kadota, K., Haba, R., Masaki, T."Flexible magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging for the diagnosis of uterine cervical tumors: A cooperative study among gastrointestinal endoscopists and gynecologists to explore a novel microvascular classification system". Oncology Letters 14.1 (2017): 355-362.
Chicago
Nishiyama, N., Kanenishi, K., Mori, H., Kobara, H., Fujihara, S., Chiyo, T., Kobayashi, N., Matsunaga, T., Ayaki, M., Yachida, T., Fujimori, A., Oryu, M., Tenkumo, C., Ishibashi, M., Hanaoka, U., Hata, T., Miyai, Y., Kadota, K., Haba, R., Masaki, T."Flexible magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging for the diagnosis of uterine cervical tumors: A cooperative study among gastrointestinal endoscopists and gynecologists to explore a novel microvascular classification system". Oncology Letters 14, no. 1 (2017): 355-362. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6157