Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
July-2017 Volume 14 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2017 Volume 14 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells

  • Authors:
    • Venu Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma
    • Ho Jeong Lee
    • Gyeong Eun Hong
    • Hyeon Soo Park
    • Silvia Yumnam
    • Suchismita Raha
    • Won Sup Lee
    • Eun Hee Kim
    • Nak Ju Sung
    • Sang Joon Lee
    • Jeong Doo Heo
    • Gon Sup Kim
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660‑701, Republic of Korea, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gajwa, Gyeongsangnam 660‑702, Republic of Korea, Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660‑759, Republic of Korea, Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 660‑701, Republic of Korea, Gyeongnam Biological Resource Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 666-844, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 607-614
    |
    Published online on: May 17, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6184
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has been widely used in Korean folk medicines for its range of medicinal benefits, including its anticancer effect. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of action of a flavonoid extract from Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (FSB) on AGS human gastric cancer cells (gastric adenocarcinoma) in which FSB exhibits an anticancer effect. Treatment of AGS cells with FSB significantly inhibited cell viability in a concentration‑dependent manner. Furthermore, FSB significantly increased the proportion of cells in sub‑G1 phase, and Annexin V and Hoechst 33258 fluorescent staining confirmed the apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, western blotting results identified that treatment of AGS cells with FSB significantly downregulated the expression of caspase family members, namely procaspases 3 and 9, and poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase (PARP), and subsequently upregulated cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP. It was observed that FSB treatment significantly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of AGS cells. In addition, the ratio of the mitochondrion‑associated proteins B cell lymphoma 2‑associated X protein and B cell lymphoma extra large was upregulated. The results of the present study provide novel insight into the underlying molecular mechanism of the anticancer effects of FSB on AGS human gastric cancer cells and indicate that FSB may be an alternative chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of gastric cancer.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:87–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Green D, de Leon S Ponce, Leon-Rodriguez E and Sosa-Sanchez R: Adenocarcinoma of the stomach: Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with survival. Am J Clin Oncol. 25:84–89. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D and Bray F: Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 136:E359–E386. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Crew KD and Neugut AI: Epidemiology of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 12:354–362. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Harrison LE, Karpeh MS and Brennan MF: Extended lymphadenectomy is associated with a survival benefit for node-negative gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2:126–131. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Liu HL, Jiang WB and Xie MX: Flavonoids: Recent advances as anticancer drugs. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 5:152–164. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Park KI, Park HS, Kang SR, Nagappan A, Lee DH, Kim JA, Han DY and Kim GS: Korean Scutellaria baicalensis water extract inhibits cell cycle G1/S transition by suppressing cyclin D1 expression and matrix-metalloproteinase-2 activity in human lung cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 133:634–641. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Yan H, Xin S, Wang H, Ma J, Zhang H and Wei H: Baicalein inhibits MMP-2 expression in human ovarian cancer cells by suppressing the p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. Anticancer drugs. 26:649–656. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Hong GE, Kim JA, Nagappan A, Yumnam S, Lee HJ, Kim EH, Lee WS, Shin SC, Park HS and Kim GS: Flavonoids identified from Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi inhibit inflammatory signaling by suppressing activation of NF-κB and MAPK in RAW 264.7 cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013:9120312013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Kim JA, Nagappan A, Park HS, Saralamma VV, Hong GE, Yumnam S, Lee HJ, Raha S, Kim EH, Young PS and Kim GS: Proteome profiling of lipopolysaccharide induced L6 rat skeletal muscle cells response to flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. BMC Complement Altern Med. 14:3792014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Kavandi L, Lee LR, Bokhari AA, Pirog JE, Jiang Y, Ahmad KA and Syed V: The Chinese herbs Scutellaria baicalensis and Fritillaria cirrhosa target NFκB to inhibit proliferation of ovarian and endometrial cancer cells. Mol Carcinog. 54:368–378. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Taylor RC, Cullen SP and Martin SJ: Apoptosis: Controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 9:231–241. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Saraste A and Pulkki K: Morphologic and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res. 45:528–537. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Hacker G: The morphology of apoptosis. Cell Tissue Res. 301:5–17. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Logue SE and Martin SJ: Caspase activation cascades in apoptosis. Biochem Soc Trans. 36:1–9. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Cory S and Adams JM: The Bcl2 family: Regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat Rev Cancer. 2:647–656. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell. 144:646–674. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Ademosun AO, Oboh G, Passamonti S, Tramer F, Ziberna L, Boligon AA and Athayde ML: Inhibition of metalloproteinase and proteasome activities in colon cancer cells by citrus peel extracts. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 26:471–477. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ye F, Jiang S, Volshonok H, Wu J and Zhang DY: Molecular mechanism of anti-prostate cancer activity of Scutellaria baicalensis extract. Nutr Cancer. 57:100–110. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Newman DJ and Cragg GM: Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. J Nat Prod. 75:311–335. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Ubah OC and Wallace HM: Cancer therapy: Targeting mitochondria and other sub-cellular organelles. Curr Pharm Des. 20:201–222. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Danial NN and Korsmeyer SJ: Cell death: Critical control points. Cell. 116:205–219. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Fesik SW: Promoting apoptosis as a strategy for cancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Cancer. 5:876–885. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Zhang L, Cheng X, Gao Y, Zheng J, Xu Q, Sun Y, Guan H, Yu H and Sun Z: Apigenin induces autophagic cell death in human papillary thyroid carcinoma BCPAP cells. Food Funct. 6:3464–3472. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Nagappan A, Lee HJ, Saralamma VV, Park HS, Hong GE, Yumnam S, Raha S, Charles SN, Shin SC, Kim EH, et al: Flavonoids isolated from Citrus platymamma induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett. 12:1394–1402. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Lee DH, Park KI, Park HS, Kang SR, Nagappan A, Kim JA, Kim EH, Lee WS, Hah YS, Chung HJ, et al: Flavonoids isolated from Korea Citrus aurantium L. induce G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012:5159012012.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Park KI, Park HS, Nagappan A, Hong GE, Lee DH, Kang SR, Kim JA, Zhang J, Kim EH, Lee WS, et al: Induction of the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by flavonoids isolated from Korean Citrus aurantium L. in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Food Chem. 135:2728–2735. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Saralamma VV, Nagappan A, Hong GE, Lee HJ, Yumnam S, Raha S, Heo JD, Lee SJ, Lee WS, Kim EH and Kim GS: Poncirin induces apoptosis in AGS human gastric cancer cells through extrinsic apoptotic pathway by up-regulation of fas ligand. Int J Mol Sci. 16:22676–22691. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Stennicke HR and Salvesen GS: Properties of the caspases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1387:17–31. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Kumar S: Regulation of caspase activation in apoptosis: Implications in pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 26:295–303. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Tait SW, Ichim G and Green DR: Die another way-non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death. J Cell Sci. 127:2135–2144. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Tait SW and Green DR: Mitochondria and cell death: Outer membrane permeabilization and beyond. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 11:621–632. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Hyun HB, Lee WS, Go SI, Nagappan A, Park C, Han MH, Hong SH, Kim G, Kim GY, Cheong J, et al: The flavonoid morin from Moraceae induces apoptosis by modulation of Bcl-2 family members and Fas receptor in HCT 116 cells. Int J Oncol. 46:2670–2678. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Zhang SD, Shan L, Li W, Li HL and Zhang WD: Isochamaejasmin induces apoptosis in leukemia cells through inhibiting Bcl-2 family proteins. Chin J Nat Med. 13:660–666. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma V, Lee HJ, Hong GE, Park HS, Yumnam S, Raha S, Lee WS, Kim EH, Sung NJ, Lee SJ, Lee SJ, et al: Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Oncol Lett 14: 607-614, 2017.
APA
Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma, V., Lee, H.J., Hong, G.E., Park, H.S., Yumnam, S., Raha, S. ... Kim, G.S. (2017). Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Oncology Letters, 14, 607-614. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6184
MLA
Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma, V., Lee, H. J., Hong, G. E., Park, H. S., Yumnam, S., Raha, S., Lee, W. S., Kim, E. H., Sung, N. J., Lee, S. J., Heo, J. D., Kim, G. S."Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells". Oncology Letters 14.1 (2017): 607-614.
Chicago
Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma, V., Lee, H. J., Hong, G. E., Park, H. S., Yumnam, S., Raha, S., Lee, W. S., Kim, E. H., Sung, N. J., Lee, S. J., Heo, J. D., Kim, G. S."Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells". Oncology Letters 14, no. 1 (2017): 607-614. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6184
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma V, Lee HJ, Hong GE, Park HS, Yumnam S, Raha S, Lee WS, Kim EH, Sung NJ, Lee SJ, Lee SJ, et al: Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Oncol Lett 14: 607-614, 2017.
APA
Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma, V., Lee, H.J., Hong, G.E., Park, H.S., Yumnam, S., Raha, S. ... Kim, G.S. (2017). Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells. Oncology Letters, 14, 607-614. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6184
MLA
Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma, V., Lee, H. J., Hong, G. E., Park, H. S., Yumnam, S., Raha, S., Lee, W. S., Kim, E. H., Sung, N. J., Lee, S. J., Heo, J. D., Kim, G. S."Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells". Oncology Letters 14.1 (2017): 607-614.
Chicago
Venkatarame Gowda Saralamma, V., Lee, H. J., Hong, G. E., Park, H. S., Yumnam, S., Raha, S., Lee, W. S., Kim, E. H., Sung, N. J., Lee, S. J., Heo, J. D., Kim, G. S."Korean Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi flavonoid extract induces mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells". Oncology Letters 14, no. 1 (2017): 607-614. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6184
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team