Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 14 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Herbal compound Teng‑Long‑Bu‑Zhong‑Tang inhibits metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma

  • Authors:
    • Meng‑Meng Wei
    • Shuang‑Shuang Wang
    • Jia‑Lu Zheng
    • Jin‑Jun Chen
    • Xia Yan
    • Hong‑Mei An
    • Bing Hu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, The Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China, Department of Science and Technology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 7767-7772
    |
    Published online on: October 18, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7206
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Metastasis is one of the primary obstacles to the successful treatment of colorectal cancer. Teng‑Long‑Bu‑ Zhong‑Tang (TLBZT) is a modern Chinese herbal formula that may be useful in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. The present study evaluated the effects of TLBZT on lung metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma cells injected into mice via the tail vein. The results demonstrated that TLBZT inhibited the metastasis of human RKO colon carcinoma cells to the lungs. TLBZT downregulated the expression of LOX and hypoxia‑inducible factor 1α. TLBZT also inhibited the expression of integrins αV and β3 and the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. These results indicate that TLBZT inhibits the lung metastasis of RKO colon carcinoma by regulating the expression of multiple genes. The results of the present study provide a new basis for the management of colorectal cancer metastasis using treatments derived from Chinese herbs.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:87–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Bognár G, Ledniczky G, István G and Ondrejka P: Molecular mechanisms in development of colorectal cancer metastasis. Magy Seb. 59:342–349. 2006.(In Hungarian). PubMed/NCBI

3 

Geiger TR and Peeper DS: Metastasis mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1796:293–308. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Ohhara Y, Fukuda N, Takeuchi S, Honma R, Shimizu Y, Kinoshita I and Dosaka-Akita H: Role of targeted therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 8:642–655. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Moorcraft SY, Ladas G, Bowcock A and Chau I: Management of resectable colorectal lung metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis. 33:285–296. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Smith JJ and D'Angelica MI: Surgical management of hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 29:61–84. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Davies JM and Goldberg RM: Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol. 38:552–560. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Siegel RL, Miller KD and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 66:7–30. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Deng S, Hu B and An HM: Traditional Chinese medicinal syndromes and treatment in colorectal cancer. J Cancer Ther. 3:888–897. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Deng S, Hu B and Shen KP: Pathogenesis and treatment of colorectal cancer in traditional Chinese medicine. World Sci Technol Mod Trad Chinese Med Mater Med. 14:1858–1862. 2012.(In Chinese).

11 

Hu B, An HM, Shen KP and DU Q: Effects of Tenglong Buzhong Decoction on proliferation and apoptosis of human colon carcinoma cell line LS174T. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 8:575–580. 2010.(In Chinese). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Hu B, An HM, Shen KP and Du Q: Senescence-inducing effects of Chinese herbal medicine Tenglong Buzhong Decoction on human colon carcinoma LS-174-T cells and the mechanism. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 8:1048–1052. 2010.(In Chinese). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Deng S, Hu B, An HM, Du Q, Xu L, Shen KP, Shi XF, Wei MM and Wu Y: Teng-Long-Bu-Zhong-Tang, a Chinese herbal formula, enhances anticancer effects of 5-fluorouracil in CT26 colon carcinoma. BMC Complement Altern Med. 13:1282013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Hu B, Shen KP, Shi XF, Deng S and Wei MM: Root of Actinidia chinensis induces anoikis in colon carcinoma RKO cells. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formul. 19:242–245. 2013.(In Chinese).

15 

Hu B, Shen KP, Shi XF, Deng S and Wei MM: Experimental research of RKO cell anoikis induced by Duchesnea indica in human colon cancer. World J Integr Trad West Med. 8:69–72. 2013.(In Chinese).

16 

Hu B, An HM, Shen KP, Shi XF, Deng S and Wei MM: Effect of Solanum nigrum on human colon carcinoma RKO cells. Zhong Yao Cai. 36:958–961. 2013.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

17 

Xiao Q and Ge G: Lysyl oxidase, extracellular matrix remodeling and cancer metastasis. Cancer Microenviron. 5:261–273. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Cox TR, Gartland A and Erler JT: Lysyl oxidase, a targetable secreted molecule involved in cancer metastasis. Cancer Res. 76:188–192. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ji F, Wang Y, Qiu L, Li S, Zhu J, Liang Z, Wan Y and Di W: Hypoxia inducible factor 1α-mediated LOX expression correlates with migration and invasion in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol. 42:1578–1588. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Felding-Habermann B: Integrin adhesion receptors in tumor metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis. 20:203–213. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhang Y, Yang M, Ji Q, Fan D, Peng H, Yang C, Xiong D and Zhou Y: Anoikis induction and metastasis suppression by a new integrin αvβ3 inhibitor in human melanoma cell line M21. Invest New Drugs. 29:666–673. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Reinmuth N, Liu W, Ahmad SA, Fan F, Stoeltzing O, Parikh AA, Bucana CD, Gallick GE, Nickols MA, Westlin WF and Ellis LM: Alphavbeta3 integrin antagonist S247 decreases colon cancer metastasis and angiogenesis and improves survival in mice. Cancer Res. 63:2079–2087. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Mitra SK and Schlaepfer DD: Integrin-regulated FAK-Src signaling in normal and cancer cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 18:516–523. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Chen YJ and Shi RJ: Ethanol extract from radix of Actinidia chinensis inhibits cell proliferation and indeuces apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cell line LoVo. World Chin J Digest. 20:pp. 1657–1661. 2012, (In Chinese).

25 

Tai CJ, Wang CK, Tai CJ, Lin YF, Lin CS, Jian JY, Chang YJ and Chang CC: Aqueous extract of Solanum nigrum leaves induces autophagy and enhances cytotoxicity of cisplatin, doxorubicin, docetaxel, and 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal carcinoma cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013:5147192013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Peng B, Hu Q, Liu X, Wang L, Chang Q, Li J, Tang J, Wang N and Wang Y: Duchesnea phenolic fraction inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of cervical cancer through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 234:74–83. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Liu H, Zhu Y, Zhang T, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Cheng P, Li H, Gao H and Su X: Anti-tumor effects of atractylenolide I isolated from Atractylodes macrocephala in human lung carcinoma cell lines. Molecules. 18:13357–13368. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Liu X, Yang Q, Xi Y, Yu K, Wang W, Zhao X and Kou X: Kanglaite injection combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther. 10 Suppl 1:S46–S51. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Fu F, Wan Y, Mulati and Wu T: Kanglaite injection combined with hepatic arterial intervention for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Ther. 10 Suppl 1:S38–S41. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Zhan YP, Huang XE, Cao J, Lu YY, Wu XY, Liu J, Xu X, Xiang J and Ye LH: Clinical safety and efficacy of Kanglaite® (Coix seed oil) injection combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 13:5319–5321. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Lin L, Ye M, Wang SM, Ni SM and Wu X: Mistletoe induces apoptosis by down-regulating the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kB in HCT116 cells. Chin J Clin Pharm Ther. 13:730–734. 2008.(In Chinese).

32 

Kim Y, Roh S, Park JY, Kim Y, Cho DH and Kim JC: Differential expression of the LOX family genes in human colorectal adenocarcinomas. Oncol Rep. 22:799–804. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Ward ST, Weston CJ, Hepburn E, Damery S, Hejmadi RK, Morton DG, Middleton G, Ismail T and Adams DH: Evaluation of serum lysyl oxidase as a blood test for colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 40:731–738. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Cox TR and Erler JT: Lysyl oxidase in colorectal cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 305:G659–G666. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Bondareva A, Downey CM, Ayres F, Liu W, Boyd SK, Hallgrimsson B and Jirik FR: The lysyl oxidase inhibitor, beta-aminopropionitrile, diminishes the metastatic colonization potential of circulating breast cancer cells. PLoS One. 4:e56202009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Finger EC and Giaccia AJ: Hypoxia, inflammation, and the tumor microenvironment in metastatic disease. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 29:285–293. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Ley K, Rivera-Nieves J, Sandborn WJ and Shattil S: Integrin-based therapeutics: Biological basis, clinical use and new drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 15:173–183. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Iwamoto DV and Calderwood DA: Regulation of integrin-mediated adhesions. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 36:41–47. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Ramsay AG, Marshall JF and Hart IR: Integrin trafficking and its role in cancer metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 26:567–578. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Hsu AR, Veeravagu A, Cai W, Hou LC, Tse V and Chen X: Integrin alpha v beta 3 antagonists for anti-angiogenic cancer treatment. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2:143–158. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Wai PY, Mi Z, Guo H, Sarraf-Yazdi S, Gao C, Wei J, Marroquin CE, Clary B and Kuo PC: Osteopontin silencing by small interfering RNA suppresses in vitro and in vivo CT26 murine colon adenocarcinoma metastasis. Carcinogenesis. 26:741–751. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wei MM, Wang SS, Zheng JL, Chen JJ, Yan X, An HM and Hu B: Herbal compound Teng‑Long‑Bu‑Zhong‑Tang inhibits metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma. Oncol Lett 14: 7767-7772, 2017.
APA
Wei, M., Wang, S., Zheng, J., Chen, J., Yan, X., An, H., & Hu, B. (2017). Herbal compound Teng‑Long‑Bu‑Zhong‑Tang inhibits metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 14, 7767-7772. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7206
MLA
Wei, M., Wang, S., Zheng, J., Chen, J., Yan, X., An, H., Hu, B."Herbal compound Teng‑Long‑Bu‑Zhong‑Tang inhibits metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma". Oncology Letters 14.6 (2017): 7767-7772.
Chicago
Wei, M., Wang, S., Zheng, J., Chen, J., Yan, X., An, H., Hu, B."Herbal compound Teng‑Long‑Bu‑Zhong‑Tang inhibits metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma". Oncology Letters 14, no. 6 (2017): 7767-7772. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7206
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wei MM, Wang SS, Zheng JL, Chen JJ, Yan X, An HM and Hu B: Herbal compound Teng‑Long‑Bu‑Zhong‑Tang inhibits metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma. Oncol Lett 14: 7767-7772, 2017.
APA
Wei, M., Wang, S., Zheng, J., Chen, J., Yan, X., An, H., & Hu, B. (2017). Herbal compound Teng‑Long‑Bu‑Zhong‑Tang inhibits metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 14, 7767-7772. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7206
MLA
Wei, M., Wang, S., Zheng, J., Chen, J., Yan, X., An, H., Hu, B."Herbal compound Teng‑Long‑Bu‑Zhong‑Tang inhibits metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma". Oncology Letters 14.6 (2017): 7767-7772.
Chicago
Wei, M., Wang, S., Zheng, J., Chen, J., Yan, X., An, H., Hu, B."Herbal compound Teng‑Long‑Bu‑Zhong‑Tang inhibits metastasis in human RKO colon carcinoma". Oncology Letters 14, no. 6 (2017): 7767-7772. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7206
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team