Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 15 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 15 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker

  • Authors:
    • Meng Li
    • Feng Hou
    • Jie Zhao
    • Tianqiang Zhang
    • Dongfei Li
    • Wensi Wu
    • Xiaotong Liu
    • Linhao Xu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China, Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Municipal Hospital of Zaozhuang, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277100, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3001-3007
    |
    Published online on: December 21, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7676
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has long been considered to be a key regulator of growth factor receptor‑ and integrin‑mediated signals, with pivotal roles in tumor cells through its kinase activity and scaffolding function. Increased FAK expression and activity has been observed in tumors of various origins and is often associated with a poor prognosis. However, there have been no studies on the aberrant expression of FAK in thymic epithelial tumors to date. The aim of the present study was to evaluate FAK expression in thymic epithelial tumors and to explore the prognostic significance of FAK. FAK expression was investigated in 100 formalin‑fixed, paraffin‑embedded human thymic epithelial tumor (TET) specimens using immunohistochemical analysis with FAK‑specific monoclonal antibody 4.47, and the associations between FAK expression and clinicopathological parameters (including sex, age, tumor size, myasthenia gravis, World Health Organization classification and Masaoka‑Koga stage) were analyzed. FAK was significantly overexpressed in TETs compared with in normal thymus tissues (P<0.001). Additionally, FAK overexpression was significantly associated with advanced tumor stages (stages III or IV; P<0.001) and highly aggressive TET subtypes (type B2 and B3 thymomas and thymic carcinomas; P<0.001). Furthermore, FAK overexpression was significantly associated with a worse 10‑year overall survival, as determined by univariate analysis (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that FAK overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with TETs (P=0.034). The results of the present study suggest that FAK serves an important role in the tumorigenesis and progression of TETs. Therefore, FAK may serve as a prognostic biomarker and is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TETs.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K and Tanioka T: Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer. 48:2485–2492. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Chen G, Marx A, Chen WH, Yong J, Puppe B, Stroebel P and Mueller-Hermelink HK: New WHO histologic classification predicts prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors: A clinicopathologic study of 200 thymoma cases from China. Cancer. 95:420–429. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Venuta F, Anile M, Diso D, Vitolo D, Rendina EA, De Giacomo T, Francioni F and Coloni GF: Thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg. 37:13–25. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

de Jong WK, Blaauwgeers JL, Schaapveld M, Timens W, Klinkenberg TJ and Groen HJ: Thymic epithelial tumours: A population-based study of the incidence, diagnostic procedures and therapy. Eur J Cancer. 44:123–130. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wright CD: Management of thymomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 65:109–120. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Marx A, Chan JK, Coindre JM, Detterbeck F, Girard N, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Kurrer MO, Marom EM, Moreira AL, et al: The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of tumors of the thymus: Continuity and changes. J Thorac Oncol. 10:1383–1395. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Gamboa EO, Sawhney V, Lanoy RS, Haller NA, Powell AT and Hazra SV: Widespread metastases after resection of noninvasive thymoma. J Clin Oncol. 26:1752–1755. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Jain RK, Mehta RJ, Henley JD, Kesler KA, Loehrer PJ and Badve S: WHO types A and AB thymomas: Not always benign. Mod Pathol. 23:1641–1649. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Okumura M, Shiono H, Inoue M, Tanaka H, Yoon HE, Nakagawa K, Matsumura A, Ohta M, Iuchi K and Matsuda H: Outcome of surgical treatment for recurrent thymic epithelial tumors with reference to world health organization histologic classification system. J Surg Oncol. 95:40–44. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Detterbeck FC, Nicholson AG, Kondo K, Van Schil PV and Moran C: The Masaoka-Koga stage classification for thymic malignancies: Clarification and definition of Terms. J Thorac Oncol. 6(7 Suppl 3): S1710–S1716. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Ogawa K, Toita T, Uno T, Fuwa N, Kakinohana Y, Kamata M, Koja K, Kinjo T, Adachi G and Murayama S: Treatment and prognosis of thymic carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of 40 cases. Cancer. 94:3115–3119. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Thomas A, Rajan A, Berman A, Tomita Y, Brzezniak C, Lee MJ, Lee S, Ling A, Spittler AJ, Carter CA, et al: Sunitinib in patients with chemotherapy-refractory thymoma and thymic carcinoma: An open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 16:177–186. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Liotta LA and Stetler-Stevenson WG: Tumor invasion and metastasis: An imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cancer Res. 51 Suppl 18:5054S–5059S. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Schaller MD, Borgman CA, Cobb BS, Vines RR, Reynolds AB and Parsons JT: pp125FAK a structurally distinctive protein-tyrosine kinase associated with focal adhesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:pp. 5192–5196. 1992; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Hanks SK, Calalb MB, Harper MC and Patel SK: Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase phosphorylated in response to cell attachment to fibronectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:pp. 8487–8491. 1992; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lee BY, Timpson P, Horvath LG and Daly RJ: FAK signaling in human cancer as a target for therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther. 146:132–149. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Mitra SK, Hanson DA and Schlaepfer DD: Focal adhesion kinase: In command and control of cell motility. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 6:56–68. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Dwyer SF, Gao L and Gelman IH: Identification of novel focal adhesion kinase substrates: Role for FAK in NFκB signaling. Int J Biol Sci. 11:404–410. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

McLean GW, Carragher NO, Avizienyte E, Evans J, Brunton VG and Frame MC: The role of focal-adhesion kinase in cancer - a new therapeutic opportunity. Nat Rev Cancer. 5:505–515. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Sulzmaier FJ, Jean C and Schlaepfer DD: FAK in cancer: Mechanistic findings and clinical applications. Nat Rev Cancer. 14:598–610. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Cance WG, Harris JE, Iacocca MV, Roche E, Yang X, Chang J, Simkins S and Xu L: Immunohistochemical analyses of focal adhesion kinase expression in benign and malignant human breast and colon tissues: Correlation with preinvasive and invasive phenotypes. Clin Cancer Res. 6:2417–2423. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Itoh S, Maeda T, Shimada M, Aishima S, Shirabe K, Tanaka S and Maehara Y: Role of expression of focal adhesion kinase in progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 10:2812–2817. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Lark AL, Livasy CA, Calvo B, Caskey L, Moore DT, Yang X and Cance WG: Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase in primary colorectal carcinomas and colorectal liver metastases: Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analyses. Clin Cancer Res. 9:215–222. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

24 

Owens LV, Xu L, Craven RJ, Dent GA, Weiner TM, Kornberg L, Liu ET and Cance WG: Overexpression of the focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK) in invasive human tumors. Cancer Res. 55:2752–2755. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Beierle EA, Massoll NA, Hartwich J, Kurenova EV, Golubovskaya VM, Cance WG, McGrady P and London WB: Focal adhesion kinase expression in human neuroblastoma: Immunohistochemical and real-time PCR analyses. Clin Cancer Res. 14:3299–3305. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Canel M, Secades P, Rodrigo JP, Cabanillas R, Herrero A, Suarez C and Chiara MD: Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is independent of fak gene copy number. Clin Cancer Res. 12:3272–3279. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Schneider GB, Kurago Z, Zaharias R, Gruman LM, Schaller MD and Hendrix MJ: Elevated focal adhesion kinase expression facilitates oral tumor cell invasion. Cancer. 95:2508–2515. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Lai IR, Chu PY, Lin HS, Liou JY, Jan YJ, Lee JC and Shen TL: Phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase at Tyr397 in gastric carcinomas and its clinical significance. Am J Pathol. 177:1629–1637. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Recher C, Ysebaert L, Beyne-Rauzy O, Mansat-De Mas V, Ruidavets JB, Cariven P, Demur C, Payrastre B, Laurent G and Racaud-Sultan C: Expression of focal adhesion kinase in acute myeloid leukemia is associated with enhanced blast migration, increased cellularity, and poor prognosis. Cancer Res. 64:3191–3197. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Sood AK, Coffin JE, Schneider GB, Fletcher MS, DeYoung BR, Gruman LM, Gershenson DM, Schaller MD and Hendrix MJ: Biological significance of focal adhesion kinase in ovarian cancer: Role in migration and invasion. Am J Pathol. 165:1087–1095. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Fujii T, Koshikawa K, Nomoto S, Okochi O, Kaneko T, Inoue S, Yatabe Y, Takeda S and Nakao A: Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and can be served as an independent prognostic factor. J Hepatol. 41:104–111. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Miyazaki T, Kato H, Nakajima M, Sohda M, Fukai Y, Masuda N, Manda R, Fukuchi M, Tsukada K and Kuwano H: FAK overexpression is correlated with tumour invasiveness and lymph node metastasis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 89:140–145. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Golubovskaya VM: Targeting FAK in human cancer: From finding to first clinical trials. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 19:687–706. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Ocak S, Chen H, Callison C, Gonzalez AL and Massion PP: Expression of focal adhesion kinase in small-cell lung carcinoma. Cancer. 118:1293–1301. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Ji HF, Pang D, Fu SB, Jin Y, Yao L, Qi JP and Bai J: Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase correlates with increased lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 139:429–435. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li M, Hou F, Zhao J, Zhang T, Li D, Wu W, Liu X and Xu L: Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker. Oncol Lett 15: 3001-3007, 2018.
APA
Li, M., Hou, F., Zhao, J., Zhang, T., Li, D., Wu, W. ... Xu, L. (2018). Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker. Oncology Letters, 15, 3001-3007. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7676
MLA
Li, M., Hou, F., Zhao, J., Zhang, T., Li, D., Wu, W., Liu, X., Xu, L."Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker". Oncology Letters 15.3 (2018): 3001-3007.
Chicago
Li, M., Hou, F., Zhao, J., Zhang, T., Li, D., Wu, W., Liu, X., Xu, L."Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker". Oncology Letters 15, no. 3 (2018): 3001-3007. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7676
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li M, Hou F, Zhao J, Zhang T, Li D, Wu W, Liu X and Xu L: Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker. Oncol Lett 15: 3001-3007, 2018.
APA
Li, M., Hou, F., Zhao, J., Zhang, T., Li, D., Wu, W. ... Xu, L. (2018). Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker. Oncology Letters, 15, 3001-3007. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7676
MLA
Li, M., Hou, F., Zhao, J., Zhang, T., Li, D., Wu, W., Liu, X., Xu, L."Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker". Oncology Letters 15.3 (2018): 3001-3007.
Chicago
Li, M., Hou, F., Zhao, J., Zhang, T., Li, D., Wu, W., Liu, X., Xu, L."Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in thymic epithelial tumors and may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker". Oncology Letters 15, no. 3 (2018): 3001-3007. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7676
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team