Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 15 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 15 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Xujun Song
    • Suli Zheng
    • Gang Yang
    • Guangbing Xiong
    • Zhe Cao
    • Mengyu Feng
    • Taiping Zhang
    • Yupei Zhao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2749-2755
    |
    Published online on: December 28, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7703
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Glucagonoma is an extremely rare pancreatic α‑islet cell tumor and is often accompanied by certain clinical symptoms including necrotizing migratory erythema (NME), diabetes, weight loss and anemia. The objectives of the current review were to discern the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of glucagonoma by evaluating 623 reported cases. A 1998 study reviewed 407 cases and 216 cases were reported in studies published after 1998. The current review consisted of 268 males and 339 females, with an average age of 52.4 years. The male‑to‑female ratio was 0.79. The incidence of typical clinical findings were as follows: NME, 82.4% (350/425); diabetes, 68.5% (291/425); weight loss, 60.2% (256/425); anemia, 49.6% (211/425); and glossitis or stomatitis or cheilitis, 41.2% (175/425). A total of 499 cases reported the location of the tumor as the pancreas and 64.1% (320/499) involved the pancreatic tail. Tumor size was recorded in 58.3% (126/216) cases reported after 1998 and average tumor size was 5.0 cm. Metastasis was detected in 49.2% of patients (293/595 for whom metastasis or no metastasis were recorded) upon diagnosis. These patients were older than those without metastasis (average age, 54.0 years old vs. 50.8 years old). The average time between symptoms and diagnosis of glucagonoma was 31.4 months. Glucagonoma is a very rare disease. It is important for clinicians to learn more about this disease to be able to diagnose and treat it as early as possible, thus improving patient prognosis.
View Figures
View References

1 

Yao JC, Eisner MP, Leary C, Dagohoy C, Phan A, Rashid A, Hassan M and Evans DB: Population-based study of islet cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 14:3492–3500. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Ito T, Sasano H, Tanaka M, Osamura RY, Sasaki I, Kimura W, Takano K, Obara T, Ishibashi M, Nakao K, et al: Epidemiological study of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 45:234–243. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Klimstra DS, Arnold R, Capella C, et al: Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the pancreasWHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH and Theise ND: IARC Press; Lyon: pp. 322–326. 2010

4 

Eldor R, Glaser B, Fraenkel M, Doviner V, Salmon A and Gross DJ: Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome-cumulative experience with an elusive endocrine tumour. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 74:593–598. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wermers RA, Fatourechi V, Wynne AG, Kvols LK and Lloyd RV: The glucagonoma syndrome. Clinical and pathologic features in 21 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 75:53–63. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Soga J and Yakuwa Y: Glucagonomas/diabetico-dermatogenic syndrome (DDS): A statistical evaluation of 407 reported cases. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 5:312–319. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Anne Couvelard and Olivia Hentic: GlucagonomaPancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Practical Approach to Diagnosis, Classification, and Therapy. Stefano LR and Fausto S: Springer International Publishing; Switzerland: pp. 81–87. 2015

8 

Becker SW, Kahn D and Rothman S: Cutaneous manifestations of internal malignant tumors. Arch Dermatol Syphilol. 45:1069–1080. 1942. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

McGavran MH, Unger RH, Recant L, Polk HC, Kilo C and Levin ME: A glucagon-secreting alpha-cell carcinoma of the pancreas. N Engl J Med. 274:1408–1413. 1966. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Wilkinson DS: Necrolytic migratory erythema with pancreatic carcinoma. Proc R Soc Med. 64:pp. 1197–1198. 1971; PubMed/NCBI

11 

Kindmark H, Sundin A, Granberg D, Dunder K, Skogseid B, Janson ET, Welin S, Oberg K and Eriksson B: Endocrine pancreatic tumors with glucagon hypersecretion: A retrospective study of 23 cases during 20 years. Med Oncol. 24:330–337. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1946]. 2016 January 23https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

13 

Papotti M, Bongiovanni M, Volante M, Allìa E, Landolfi S, Helboe L, Schindler M, Cole SL and Bussolati G: Expression of somatostatin receptor types 1–5 in 81 cases of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. A correlative immunohistochemical and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Virchows Arch. 440:461–475. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Lepage C, Rachet B and Coleman MP: Survival from malignant digestive endocrine tumors in England and Wales: A population-based study. Gastroenterology. 132:899–904. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

McGevna L and Tavakkol Z: Images in clinical medicine. Necrolytic migratory erythema. N Engl J Med. 362:e12010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

McGevna L, McFadden D, Ritvo J and Rabinowitz T: Glucagonoma-associated neuropsychiatric and affective symptoms: Diagnostic dilemmas raised by paraneoplastic phenomena. Psychosomatics. 50:548–550. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Remes-Troche JM, Garcia-de-Acevedo B, Zuñiga-Varga J, Avila-Funes A and Orozco-Topete R: Necrolytic migratory erythema: A cutaneous clue to glucagonoma syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 18:591–595. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Pujol RM, Wang CY, el-Azhary RA, Su WP, Gibson LE and Schroeter AL: Necrolytic migratory erythema: Clinicopathologic study of 13 cases. Int J Dermatol. 43:12–18. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Johnson DS, Coel MN and Bornemann M: Current imaging and possible therapeutic management of glucagonoma tumors: A case report. Clin Nucl Med. 25:120–122. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Halvorson SA, Gilbert E, Hopkins RS, Liu H, Lopez C, Chu M, Martin M and Sheppard B: Putting the pieces together: Necrolytic migratory erythema and the glucagonoma syndrome. J Gen Intern Med. 28:1525–1529. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Alkemade JA, van Tongeren JH, van Haelst UJ, Smals A, Steijlen PM and van de Kerkhof PC: Delayed diagnosis of glucagonoma syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol. 24:455–457. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kimbara S, Fujiwara Y, Toyoda M, Chayahara N, Imamura Y, Kiyota N, Mukohara T, Fukunaga A, Oka M, Nishigori C and Minami H: Rapid improvement of glucagonoma-related necrolytic migratory erythema with octreotide. Clin J Gastroenterol. 7:255–259. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Chang-Chretien K, Chew JT and Judge DP: Reversible dilated cardiomyopathy associated with glucagonoma. Heart. 90:e442004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Demir OM, Paschou SA, Ellis HC, Fitzpatrick M, Kalogeropoulos AS, Davies A, Thompson J, Davies SW and Grapsa J: Reversal of dilated cardiomyopathy after glucagonoma excision. Hormones (Athens). 14:172–173. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Gaiser CA and Dhawan N: Paradoxical presentation of glucagonoma with delayed onset of necrolytic migratory erythema. Am J Med. 128:e1–e2. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Beattie PE, Fleming CJ, Evans AT, Sheppard DG, Leese GP, Dow E and Tait IS: Glucagonoma syndrome presenting as psoriasis. QJM. 95:834–835. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Shyr YM, Su CH, Lee CH, Wu CW and Lui WY: Glucagonoma syndrome: A case report. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 62:639–643. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Nightingale KJ, Davies MG and Kingsnorth AN: Glucagonoma syndrome: Survival 24 years following diagnosis. Dig Surg. 16:68–71. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Recant L, Perrino PV, Bhathena SJ, Danforth DN Jr and Lavine RL: Plasma immunoreactive glucagon fractions in four cases of glucagonoma: Increased ‘large glucagon-immunoreactivity’. Diabetologia. 12:319–326. 1976. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Kitamura Y, Sato M, Hatamochi A and Yamazaki S: Necrolytic migratory erythema without glucagonoma associated with hepatitis B. Eur J Dermatol. 15:49–51. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Technau K, Renkl A, Norgauer J and Ziemer M: Necrolytic migratory erythema with myelodysplastic syndrome without glucagonoma. Eur J Dermatol. 15:110–112. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Yamashita S, Tanaka N, Takahashi M, Nagai M, Furuya T, Suzuki Y and Nomura Y: Pancreatic insulinoma combined with glucagon positive cell: A case report. World J Gastrointest Surg. 5:68–72. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Lolis MS, Krishtul A, Vidal C, Shim-Chang H, Phelps R and Lebwohl M: Necrolytic migratory erythema associated with a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor. Cutis. 87:78–80. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Adams DR, Miller JJ and Seraphin KE: Glucagonoma syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 53:690–691. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Schwartz RA: Glucagonoma and pseudoglucagonoma syndromes. Int J Dermatol. 36:81–89. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Miller HC, Kidd M, Modlin IM, Cohen P, Dina R, Drymousis P, Vlavianos P, Klöppel G and Frilling A: Glucagon receptor gene mutations with hyperglucagonemia but without the glucagonoma syndrome. World J Gastrointest Surg. 7:60–66. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Glueck CJ, Phillips HG, Cameron D and Wang P: Estrogen replacement in a protein S deficient patient leads to diarrhea, hyperglucagonemia, and osteonecrosis. JOP. 2:323–329. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Vanderlan WB, Zhang Z and Abouljoud MS: Duodenal enteroglucagonoma revealed by differential comparison of serum and tissue glucagon reactivity with Siemens' Double Glucagon Antibody and DakoCytomation's Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Human Glucagon: A case report. J Med Case Rep. 4:1782010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Plöckinger U, Rindi G, Arnold R, Eriksson B, Krenning EP, de Herder WW, Goede A, Caplin M, Oberg K, Reubi JC, et al: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumours. A consensus statement on behalf of the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS). Neuroendocrinology. 80:394–424. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Melen-Mucha G, Lawnicka H, Kierszniewska-Stepien D, Komorowski J and Stepien H: The place of somatostatin analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of the neuoroendocrine glands tumors. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 1:237–254. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Fernández-Cruz L, Blanco L, Cosa R and Rendón H: Is laparoscopic resection adequate in patients with neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors? World J Surg. 32:904–917. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Sarmiento JM, Que FG, Grant CS, Thompson GB, Farnell MB and Nagorney DM: Concurrent resections of pancreatic islet cell cancers with synchronous hepatic metastases: Outcomes of an aggressive approach. Surgery. 132:976–983. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Kindmark H, Sundin A, Granberg D, Dunder K, Skogseid B, Janson ET, Welin S, Oberg K and Eriksson B: Endocrine pancreatic tumors with glucagon hypersecretion: A retrospective study of 23 cases during 20 years. Med Oncol. 24:330–337. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Song X, Zheng S, Yang G, Xiong G, Cao Z, Feng M, Zhang T and Zhao Y: Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome (Review). Oncol Lett 15: 2749-2755, 2018.
APA
Song, X., Zheng, S., Yang, G., Xiong, G., Cao, Z., Feng, M. ... Zhao, Y. (2018). Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome (Review). Oncology Letters, 15, 2749-2755. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7703
MLA
Song, X., Zheng, S., Yang, G., Xiong, G., Cao, Z., Feng, M., Zhang, T., Zhao, Y."Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome (Review)". Oncology Letters 15.3 (2018): 2749-2755.
Chicago
Song, X., Zheng, S., Yang, G., Xiong, G., Cao, Z., Feng, M., Zhang, T., Zhao, Y."Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome (Review)". Oncology Letters 15, no. 3 (2018): 2749-2755. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7703
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Song X, Zheng S, Yang G, Xiong G, Cao Z, Feng M, Zhang T and Zhao Y: Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome (Review). Oncol Lett 15: 2749-2755, 2018.
APA
Song, X., Zheng, S., Yang, G., Xiong, G., Cao, Z., Feng, M. ... Zhao, Y. (2018). Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome (Review). Oncology Letters, 15, 2749-2755. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7703
MLA
Song, X., Zheng, S., Yang, G., Xiong, G., Cao, Z., Feng, M., Zhang, T., Zhao, Y."Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome (Review)". Oncology Letters 15.3 (2018): 2749-2755.
Chicago
Song, X., Zheng, S., Yang, G., Xiong, G., Cao, Z., Feng, M., Zhang, T., Zhao, Y."Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome (Review)". Oncology Letters 15, no. 3 (2018): 2749-2755. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7703
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team