Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 15 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
March-2018 Volume 15 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer

  • Authors:
    • Csaba Tóth
    • Farkas Sükösd
    • Erzsébet Valicsek
    • Esther Herpel
    • Peter Schirmacher
    • László Tiszlavicz
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D‑69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Department of Pathology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary, Department of Oncotherapy, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
    Copyright: © Tóth et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 4.0].
  • Pages: 3586-3593
    |
    Published online on: January 9, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.7756
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) has been well‑established as a diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer (CRC); however, less is known about its regulation, particularly its potential interactions with the DNA repair proteins, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β‑catenin, in a non‑transcriptional manner. In the present study, the protein expression of CDX2 was analyzed, depending on the expression of the DNA repair proteins, mismatch repair (MMR), O6‑methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and excision repair cross‑complementing 1 (ERCC1), and its importance in Wnt signaling was also determined. A total of 101 liver metastases were punched into tissue microarray (TMA) blocks and serial sections were cut for immunohistochemistry. For each protein, an immunoreactive score was generated according to literature data and the scores were fitted to TMA. Subsequently, statistical analysis was performed to compare the levels of expression with each other and with clinical data. CDX2 loss of expression was observed in 38.5% of the CRC liver metastasis cases. A statistically significant association between CDX2 and each of the investigated MMRs was observed: MutL Homolog 1 (P<0.01), MutS protein Homolog (MSH) 2 (P<0.01), MSH6 (P<0.01), and postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (P=0.040). Furthermore, loss of MGMT and ERCC1 was also associated with CDX2 loss (P=0.039 and P<0.01, respectively). In addition, CDX2 and ERCC1 were inversely associated with metastatic tumor size (P=0.038 and P=0.027, respectively). Sustained CDX2 expression was associated with a higher expression of cytoplasmic/membranous β‑catenin and with nuclear APC expression (P=0.042 and P<0.01, respectively). In conclusion, CDX2 loss of expression was not a rare event in liver metastasis of CRC and the results suggested that CDX2 may be involved in mechanisms resulting in the loss of DNA repair protein expression, and in turn methylation; however, its exact function in this context remains to be elucidated.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Hryniuk A, Grainger S, Savory JG and Lohnes D: Cdx1 and Cdx2 function as tumor suppressors. J Biol Chem. 289:33343–33354. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Misiakos EP, Karidis NP and Kouraklis G: Current treatment for colorectal liver metastases. World J Gastroenterol. 17:4067–4075. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Olsen J, Espersen ML, Jess P, Kirkeby LT and Troelsen JT: The clinical perspectives of CDX2 expression in colorectal cancer: A qualitative systematic review. Surg Oncol. 23:167–176. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Olsen AK, Coskun M, Bzorek M, Kristensen MH, Danielsen ET, Jørgensen S, Olsen J, Engel U, Holck S and Troelsen JT: Regulation of APC and AXIN2 expression by intestinal tumor suppressor CDX2 in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 34:1361–1369. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Zlobec I, Bihl M, Foerster A, Rufle A and Lugli A: Comprehensive analysis of CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-high, -low and -negative colorectal cancers based on protein marker expression and molecular features. J Pathol. 225:336–343. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Renouf B, Soret C, Saandi T, Delalande F, Martin E, Vanier M, Duluc I, Gross I, Freund JN and Domon-Dell C: Cdx2 homeoprotein inhibits non-homologous end joining in colon cancer but not in leukemia cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 40:3456–3469. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Li X, Hu F, Wang Y, Yao X, Zhang Z, Wang F, Sun G, Cui BB, Dong X and Zhao Y: CpG island methylator phenotype and prognosis of colorectal cancer in Northeast China. Biomed Res Int. 2014:2363612014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Inno A, Fanetti G, Di Bartolomeo M, Gori S, Maggi C, Cirillo M, Iacovelli R, Nichetti F, Martinetti A and de Braud F: Role of MGMT as biomarker in colorectal cancer. World J Clin Cases. 2:835–839. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Hassen S, Ali N and Chowdhury P: Molecular signaling mechanisms of apoptosis in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 3:71–79. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Sayar I, Akbas EM, Isik A, Gokce A, Peker K, Demirtas L and Gürbüzel M: Relationship among mismatch repair deficiency, CDX2 loss, p53 and E-cadherin in colon carcinoma and suitability of using a double panel of mismatch repair proteins by immunohistochemistry. Pol J Pathol. 66:246–253. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Li Z, Qing Y, Guan W, Li M, Peng Y, Zhang S, Xiong Y and Wang D: Predictive value of APE1, BRCA1, ERCC1 and TUBB3 expression in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving first-line platinum-paclitaxel chemotherapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 74:777–786. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Ruzzo A, Graziano F, Loupakis F, Rulli E, Canestrari E, Santini D, Catalano V, Ficarelli R, Maltese P, Bisonni R, et al: Pharmacogenetic profiling in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with first-line FOLFOX-4 chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 25:1247–1254. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Persad S, Troussard AA, McPhee TR, Mulholland DJ and Dedhar S: Tumor suppressor PTEN inhibits nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and T cell/lymphoid enhancer factor 1-mediated transcriptional activation. J Cell Biol. 153:1161–1174. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Henderson BR and Fagotto F: The ins and outs of APC and beta-catenin nuclear transport. EMBO Rep. 3:834–839. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Polakis P: Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev. 14:1837–1851. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Camp RL, Charette LA and Rimm DL: Validation of tissue microarray technology in breast carcinoma. Lab Invest. 80:1943–1949. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Torhorst J, Bucher C, Kononen J, Haas P, Zuber M, Köchli OR, Mross F, Dieterich H, Moch H, Mihatsch M, et al: Tissue microarrays for rapid linking of molecular changes to clinical endpoints. Am J Pathol. 159:2249–2256. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Umar A, Boland CR, Terdiman JP, Syngal S, de la Chapelle A, Rüschoff J, Fishel R, Lindor NM, Burgart LJ, Hamelin R, et al: Revised bethesda guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96:261–268. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Toth C, Meinrath J, Herpel E, Derix J, Fries J, Buettner R, Schirmacher P and Heikaus S: Expression of the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer and its correlation with DNA mismatch repair proteins and p53. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 142:927–935. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Gerhard R, Carvalho A, Carneiro V, Bento RS, Uemura G, Gomes M, Albergaria A and Schmitt F: Clinicopathological significance of ERCC1 expression in breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 209:331–336. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Dawson H, Galvan JA, Helbling M, Muller DE, Karamitopoulou E, Koelzer VH, Economou M, Hammer C, Lugli A and Zlobec I: Possible role of Cdx2 in the serrated pathway of colorectal cancer characterized by BRAF mutation, high-level CpG Island methylator phenotype and mismatch repair-deficiency. Int J Cancer. 134:2342–2351. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Dawson H, Koelzer VH, Lukesch AC, Mallaev M, Inderbitzin D, Lugli A and Zlobec I: Loss of Cdx2 expression in primary tumors and lymph node metastases is specific for mismatch repair-deficiency in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol. 3:2652013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Halford S, Rowan A, Sawyer E, Talbot I and Tomlinson I: O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase in colorectal cancers: Detection of mutations, loss of expression and weak association with G:C>A:T transitions. Gut. 54:797–802. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Nakagawachi T, Soejima H, Urano T, Zhao W, Higashimoto K, Satoh Y, Matsukura S, Kudo S, Kitajima Y, Harada H, et al: Silencing effect of CpG island hypermethylation and histone modifications on O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene expression in human cancer. Oncogene. 22:8835–8844. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Cabrini G, Fabbri E, Lo Nigro C, Dechecchi MC and Gambari R: Regulation of expression of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and the treatment of glioblastoma (Review). Int J Oncol. 47:417–428. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N, Weller M, Kros JM, Hainfellner JA, Mason W, Mariani L, et al: MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 352:997–1003. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Molenaar RJ, Verbaan D, Lamba S, Zanon C, Jeuken JW, Boots-Sprenger SH, Wesseling P, Hulsebos TJ, Troost D, van Tilborg AA, et al: The combination of IDH1 mutations and MGMT methylation status predicts survival in glioblastoma better than either IDH1 or MGMT alone. Neuro Oncol. 16:1263–1273. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Shen L, Kondo Y, Rosner GL, Xiao L, Hernandez NS, Vilaythong J, Houlihan PS, Krouse RS, Prasad AR, Einspahr JG, et al: MGMT promoter methylation and field defect in sporadic colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 97:1330–1338. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kalogeraki A, Karvela-Kalogeraki I, Tamiolakis D, Petraki P, Saridaki Z and Tzardi M: ERCC1 expression correlated with EGFR and clinicopathological variables in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. An immunocytochemical study on fine-needle aspiration biopsies samples. Rev Port Pneumol. 20:200–207. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Facista A, Nguyen H, Lewis C, Prasad AR, Ramsey L, Zaitlin B, Nfonsam V, Krouse RS, Bernstein H, Payne CM, et al: Deficient expression of DNA repair enzymes in early progression to sporadic colon cancer. Genome Integr. 3:32012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Smith DH, Fiehn AM, Fogh L, Christensen IJ, Hansen TP, Stenvang J, Nielsen HJ, Nielsen KV, Hasselby JP, Brünner N and Jensen SS: Measuring ERCC1 protein expression in cancer specimens: Validation of a novel antibody. Sci Rep. 4:43132014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Chen HY, Shao CJ, Chen FR, Kwan AL and Chen ZP: Role of ERCC1 promoter hypermethylation in drug resistance to cisplatin in human gliomas. Int J Cancer. 126:1944–1954. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Borrmann L, Schwanbeck R, Heyduk T, Seebeck B, Rogalla P, Bullerdiek J and Wisniewski JR: High mobility group A2 protein and its derivatives bind a specific region of the promoter of DNA repair gene ERCC1 and modulate its activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 31:6841–6851. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Garofalo M and Croce CM: MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in chemoresistance. Drug Resist Updat. 16:47–59. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Hawkins NJ, Lee JH, Wong JJ, Kwok CT, Ward RL and Hitchins MP: MGMT methylation is associated primarily with the germline C>T SNP (rs16906252) in colorectal cancer and normal colonic mucosa. Mod Pathol. 22:1588–1599. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Kang KJ, Min BH, Ryu KJ, Kim KM, Chang DK, Kim JJ, Rhee JC and Kim YH: The role of the CpG island methylator phenotype on survival outcome in colon cancer. Gut Liver. 9:202–207. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Pai SG, Carneiro BA, Mota JM, Costa R, Leite CA, Barroso-Sousa R, Kaplan JB, Chae YK and Giles FJ: Wnt/beta-catenin pathway: Modulating anticancer immune response. J Hematol Oncol. 10:1012017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Wang L, Liu X, Gusev E, Wang C and Fagotto F: Regulation of the phosphorylation and nuclear import and export of β-catenin by APC and its cancer-related truncated form. J Cell Sci. 127:1647–1659. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Efstathiou JA, Noda M, Rowan A, Dixon C, Chinery R, Jawhari A, Hattori T, Wright NA, Bodmer WF and Pignatelli M: Intestinal trefoil factor controls the expression of the adenomatous polyposis coli-catenin and the E-cadherin-catenin complexes in human colon carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:pp. 3122–3127. 1998; View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Neufeld KL: Nuclear APC. Adv Exp Med Biol. 656:13–29. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Fagman H, Larsson F, Arvidsson Y, Meuller J, Nordling M, Martinsson T, Helmbrecht K, Brabant G and Nilsson M: Nuclear accumulation of full-length and truncated adenomatous polyposis coli protein in tumor cells depends on proliferation. Oncogene. 22:6013–6022. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Fodde R, Smits R and Clevers H: APC, signal transduction and genetic instability in colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 1:55–67. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Tóth C, Sükösd F, Valicsek E, Herpel E, Schirmacher P and Tiszlavicz L: Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 15: 3586-3593, 2018.
APA
Tóth, C., Sükösd, F., Valicsek, E., Herpel, E., Schirmacher, P., & Tiszlavicz, L. (2018). Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Oncology Letters, 15, 3586-3593. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.7756
MLA
Tóth, C., Sükösd, F., Valicsek, E., Herpel, E., Schirmacher, P., Tiszlavicz, L."Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer". Oncology Letters 15.3 (2018): 3586-3593.
Chicago
Tóth, C., Sükösd, F., Valicsek, E., Herpel, E., Schirmacher, P., Tiszlavicz, L."Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer". Oncology Letters 15, no. 3 (2018): 3586-3593. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.7756
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Tóth C, Sükösd F, Valicsek E, Herpel E, Schirmacher P and Tiszlavicz L: Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 15: 3586-3593, 2018.
APA
Tóth, C., Sükösd, F., Valicsek, E., Herpel, E., Schirmacher, P., & Tiszlavicz, L. (2018). Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Oncology Letters, 15, 3586-3593. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.7756
MLA
Tóth, C., Sükösd, F., Valicsek, E., Herpel, E., Schirmacher, P., Tiszlavicz, L."Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer". Oncology Letters 15.3 (2018): 3586-3593.
Chicago
Tóth, C., Sükösd, F., Valicsek, E., Herpel, E., Schirmacher, P., Tiszlavicz, L."Loss of CDX2 gene expression is associated with DNA repair proteins and is a crucial member of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer". Oncology Letters 15, no. 3 (2018): 3586-3593. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.7756
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team