Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 15 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 15 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Malgorzata Pieniazek
    • Rafal Matkowski
    • Piotr Donizy
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Oncology, Tadeusz Koszarowski Regional Oncology Centre, Opole 45‑061, Poland, Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50‑367, Poland, Department of Pathomorphology and Oncological Cytology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50‑556, Poland
  • Pages: 5399-5404
    |
    Published online on: February 9, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8021
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive cancer and its onset and growth are associated, through direct and indirect interactions, with the cancer microenvironment. The microenvironment comprises a dynamic complex of numerous types of cells (due to histogenesis) that constantly interact with each other through multiple cytokines and signaling proteins. Macrophages are one of the most thoroughly studied pleiotropic cells of the immune system. One of their major cytophysiological functions is their involvement in phagocytosis. Previous studies examining the microenvironment of melanomas and tumor‑associated macrophages have revealed that they are involved in all stages of melanomagenesis. In the case of cancer initiation, they form an inflammatory microenvironment and then suppress the anticancer activity of the immune system, stimulate angiogenesis, enhance migration and invasion of the cancer cells, and ultimately contribute to the metastatic process. The present review provides a detailed overview on the function of macrophages in the melanoma microenvironment.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Lin K, Baritaki S, Militello L, Malaponte G, Bevelacqua Y and Bonavida B: The role of B-RAF mutations in melanoma and the induction of EMT via dysregulation of the NF-κB/Snail/RKIP/PTEN circuit. Genes Cancer. 1:409–420. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Taylor MA, Parvani JG and Schiemann WP: The pathophysiology of epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor-beta in normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 15:169–190. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Ruiter D, Bogenrieder T, Elder D and Herlyn M: Melanoma-stroma interactions: Structural and functional aspects. Lancet Oncol. 3:35–43. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kalluri R and Weinberg RA: The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest. 119:1420–1428. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wu Y and Zhou BP: New insights of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 40:643–650. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Bedogni B and Powell MB: Hypoxia, melanocytes and melanoma-survival and tumor development in the permissive microenvironment of the skin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 22:166–174. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Palucka AK and Coussens LM: The basis of oncoimmunology. Cell. 164:1233–1247. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Mosser DM and Edwards JP: Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol. 8:958–969. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Qian BZ and Pollard JW: Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis. Cell. 141:39–51. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Mantovani A and Sica A: Macrophages, innate immunity and cancer: Balance, tolerance, and diversity. Curr Opin Immunol. 22:231–237. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Wynn TA, Chawla A and Pollar JW: Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease. Nature. 496:445–455. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Klimp AH, de Vries EG, Scherphof GL and Daemen T: A potential role of macrophage activation in the treatment of cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 44:143–161. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Teng MW, Swann JB, Koebel CM, Schreiber RD and Smyth MJ: Immune-mediated dormancy: An equilibrium with cancer. J Leukoc Biol. 84:988–993. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Lin EY and Pollard JW: Tumor-associated macrophages press the angiogenic switch in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 67:5064–5066. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Pang B, Zhou X, Yu H, Dong M, Taghizadeh K, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR and Dedon PC: Lipid peroxidation dominates the chemistry of DNA adduct formation in a mouse model of inflammation. Carcinogenesis. 28:1807–1813. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Lewis CE, Harney AS and Pollard JW: The multifaceted role of perivascular macrophages in tumors. Cancer Cell. 30:3652016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Torroella-Kouri M, Silvera R, Rodriguez D, Caso R, Shatry A, Opiela S, Ilkovitch D, Schwendener RA, Iragavarapu-Charyulu V, Cardentey Y, et al: Identification of a subpopulation of macrophages in mammary tumor-bearing mice that are neither M1 nor M2 and are less differentiated. Cancer Res. 69:4800–4809. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P, Evdemon-Hogan M, Conejo-Garcia JR, Zhang L, Burow M, et al: Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med. 10:942–949. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Bianchini F, Massi D, Marconi C, Franchi A, Baroni G, Santucci M, Mannini A, Mugnai G and Calorini L: Expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 in macrophages associated with cutaneous melanoma at different stages of progression. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 83:320–328. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Bronkhorst IH, Ly LV, Jordanova ES, Vrolijk J, Versluis M, Luyten GP and Jager MJ: Detection of M2 macrophages in uveal melanoma and relation with survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52:643–650. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Jager MJ, Ly LV, El Filali M and Madigan MC: Macrophages in uveal melanoma and in experimental ocular tumor models: Friends or foes? Prog Retin Eye Res. 30:129–146. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Shi L, Lei D, Ma C, Xu F, Li Y, Wang Y, Cong N, Liu D and Pan XL: Clinicopathological implications of tumour-associated macrophages and vascularization in sinonasal melanoma. J Int Med Res. 38:1276–1286. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Mrad M, Imbert C, Garcia V, Rambow F, Therville N, Carpentier S, Ségui B, Levade T, Azar R, Marine JC, et al: Downregulation of sphingosine kinase-1 induces protective tumor immunity by promoting M1 macrophage response in melanoma. Oncotarget. 7:71873–71886. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Lázár-Molnár E, Hegyesi H, Tóth S and Falus A: Autocrine and paracrine regulation by cytokines and growth factors in melanoma. Cytokine. 12:547–554. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Ilkovitch D and Lopez DM: Immune modulation by melanoma-derived factors. Exp Dermatol. 7:977–985. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Graves DT, Barnhill R, Galanopoulos T and Antoniades HN: Expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in human melanoma in vivo. Am J Pathol. 140:9–14. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Nesbit M, Schaider H, Miller TH and Herlyn MJ: Low-level monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 stimulation of monocytes leads to tumor formation in nontumorigenic melanoma cells. J Immunol. 166:6483–6490. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Gazzaniga S, Bravo AI, Guglielmotti A, van Rooijen N, Maschi F, Vecchi A, Mantovani A, Mordoh J and Wainstok R: Targeting tumor-associated macrophages and inhibition of MCP-1 reduce angiogenesis and tumor growth in a human melanoma xenograft. J Invest Dermatol. 127:2031–2041. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Torisu H, Ono M, Kiryu H, Furue M, Ohmoto Y, Nakayama J, Nishioka Y, Sone S and Kuwano M: Macrophage infiltration correlates with tumor stage and angiogenesis in human malignant melanoma: Possible involvement of TNFalpha and IL-1alpha. Int J Cancer. 85:182–188. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Varney ML, Olsen KJ, Mosley RL and Singh RK: Paracrine regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-a expression during macrophage-melanoma cell interaction: Role of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 25:674–683. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Swatler J and Kozłowska E: Immune checkpointtargeted cancer immunotherapies. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 70:25–42. 2016.(In Polish). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Mao Y, Poschke I, Wennerberg E, Pico de Coaña Y, Egyhazi Brage S, Schultz I, Hansson J, Masucci G, Lundqvist A and Kiessling R: Melanoma-educated CD14+ cells acquire a myeloid-derived suppressor cell phenotype through COX-2-dependent mechanisms. Cancer Res. 73:3877–3887. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Hino R, Kabashima K, Kato Y, Yagi H, Nakamura M, Honjo T, Okazaki T and Tokura Y: Tumor cell expression of programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 is a prognostic factor for malignant melanoma. Cancer. 116:1757–1766. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Kakizaki A, Fujimura T, Furudate S, Kambayashi Y, Yamauchi T, Yagita H and Aiba S: Immunomodulatory effect of peritumorally administered interferon-beta on melanoma through tumor-associated macrophages. Oncoimmunology. 4:e10475842015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Lesinski GB: The potential for targeting the STAT3 pathway as a novel therapy for melanoma. Future Oncol. 9:925–927. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Massi D, Marconi C, Franchi A, Bianchini F, Paglierani M, Ketabchi S, Miracco C, Santucci M and Calorini L: Arginine metabolism in tumor-associated macrophages in cutaneous malignant melanoma: Evidence from human and experimental tumors. Hum Pathol. 38:1516–1525. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kale S, Raja R, Thorat D, Soundararajan G, Patil TV and Kundu GC: Osteopontin signaling upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in tumor-associated macrophages leading to enhanced angiogenesis and melanoma growth via α9β1 integrin. Oncogene. 33:2295–2306. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Gregório H, Raposo TP, Queiroga FL, Prada J and Pires I: Investigating associations of cyclooxygenase-2 expression with angiogenesis, proliferation, macrophage and T-lymphocyte infiltration in canine melanocytic tumours. Melanoma Res. 26:338–347. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Hollander L, Guo X, Velazquez H, Chang J, Safirstein R, Kluger H, Cha C and Desir GV: Renalase expression by melanoma and tumor-associated macrophages promotes tumor growth through a STAT3-mediated mechanism. Cancer Res. 76:3884–3894. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Marconi C, Bianchini F, Mannini A, Mugnai G, Ruggieri S and Calorini L: Tumoral and macrophage uPAR and MMP-9 contribute to the invasiveness of B16 murine melanoma cells. Clin Exp Metastasis. 25:225–231. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Kim OH, Kang GH, Noh H, Cha JY, Lee HJ, Yoon JH, Mamura M, Nam JS, Lee DH, Kim YA, et al: Proangiogenic TIE2(+)/CD31 (+) macrophages are the predominant population of tumor-associated macrophages infiltrating metastatic lymph nodes. Mol Cells. 36:432–438. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Yamada K, Uchiyama A, Uehara A, Perera B, Ogino S, Yokoyama Y, Takeuchi Y, Udey MC, Ishikawa O and Motegi S: MFG-E8 drives melanoma growth by stimulating mesenchymal stromal cell-induced angiogenesis and M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Cancer Res. 76:4283–4292. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Huber R, Meier B, Otsuka A, Fenini G, Satoh T, Gehrke S, Widmer D, Levesque MP, Mangana J, Kerl K, et al: Tumour hypoxia promotes melanoma growth and metastasis via high mobility group box-1 and M2-like macrophages. Sci Rep. 6:299142016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Tham M, Tan KW, Keeble J, Wang X, Hubert S, Barron L, Tan NS, Kato M, Prevost-Blondel A, Angeli V and Abastado JP: Melanoma-initiating cells exploit M2 macrophage TGFβ and arginase pathway for survival and proliferation. Oncotarget. 5:12027–12042. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Chang CI, Liao JC and Kuo L: Macrophage arginase promotes tumor cell growth and suppresses nitric oxide-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. Cancer Res. 61:1100–1106. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

46 

Clawson GA, Matters GL, Xin P, Imamura-Kawasawa Y, Du Z, Thiboutot DM, Helm KF, Neves RI and Abraham T: Macrophage-tumor cell fusions from peripheral blood of melanoma patients. PLoS One. 10:e01343202015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Somasundaram R and Herlyn D: Chemokines and the microenvironment in neuroectodermal tumor-host interaction. Semin Cancer Biol. 19:92–96. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Wang H and Zhang L, Yang L, Liu C, Zhang Q and Zhang L: Targeting macrophage anti-tumor activity to suppress melanoma progression. Oncotarget. 8:18486–18496. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

49 

Qian Y, Qiao S, Dai Y, Xu G, Dai B, Lu L, Yu X, Luo Q and Zhang Z: Molecular-targeted immunotherapeutic strategy for melanoma via dual-targeting nanoparticles delivering small interfering RNA to tumor-associated macrophages. ACS Nano. 11:9536–9549. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Pieniazek M, Matkowski R and Donizy P: Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis (Review). Oncol Lett 15: 5399-5404, 2018.
APA
Pieniazek, M., Matkowski, R., & Donizy, P. (2018). Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis (Review). Oncology Letters, 15, 5399-5404. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8021
MLA
Pieniazek, M., Matkowski, R., Donizy, P."Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis (Review)". Oncology Letters 15.4 (2018): 5399-5404.
Chicago
Pieniazek, M., Matkowski, R., Donizy, P."Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis (Review)". Oncology Letters 15, no. 4 (2018): 5399-5404. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8021
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Pieniazek M, Matkowski R and Donizy P: Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis (Review). Oncol Lett 15: 5399-5404, 2018.
APA
Pieniazek, M., Matkowski, R., & Donizy, P. (2018). Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis (Review). Oncology Letters, 15, 5399-5404. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8021
MLA
Pieniazek, M., Matkowski, R., Donizy, P."Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis (Review)". Oncology Letters 15.4 (2018): 5399-5404.
Chicago
Pieniazek, M., Matkowski, R., Donizy, P."Macrophages in skin melanoma-the key element in melanomagenesis (Review)". Oncology Letters 15, no. 4 (2018): 5399-5404. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8021
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team