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Introduction

Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide (1). The majority of lung cancer cases are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for ~85% of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases (2). Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) are the two most common histologic subtypes of NSCLC (3).

In recent years, with the progression of molecular medicine and the emergence of targeted drugs, treatment of NSCLC started to become individualized molecular targeted ‘precise’ treatment (4). At present, the individualized molecular targeted therapy for clinical application is primarily for epidermal growth factor mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion genotypes in lung cancer, both of which have clear molecular targets, and targeted drug has significantly improved the clinical efficacy (5,6). However, the prognosis of LUSC remains poor and identifying effective prognostic biomarkers for LUSC remains urgent (7–9).

B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) is an antiapoptotic protein, which belongs to the Bcl-2 family. It is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and to a lesser extent in cell membranes (10). The primary function of Bcl-2 appears to be to inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death) and to prolong cell survival by arresting cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle (11,12). Previous studies have revealed that Bcl-2 is highly expressed in several hematologic and solid malignancies, including acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, stomach, and ovarian cancer (13–15).

It has been confirmed Bcl-2 as an independent prognostic marker in breast cancer (16), and Bcl-2 is also considered to be a favorable prognostic marker in NSCLC (17–19), but Kim et al (20) reported that Bcl-2 is an adverse prognostic marker. The aforementioned studies focused on NSCLC or LUAD; however, to the best of our knowledge, there is no previous study regarding the role of Bcl-2 in LUSC (21). LUSC and LUAD are very different in the molecular biological background and clinical biological characteristics: LUAD has more driver genes, including EGFR and ALK, which also means that there are more clinical treatment options, and LUAD is more common in non-smokers, compared with LUSC (9,22,23).

Over the past decade, high-throughput detection technology has yielded a mass of tumor data (24), but these datasets are scattered, due to patient cohort, technology platform and other heterogeneous variables, thus making it hard to compare (22). In the present study, in order to solve this problem and to make better use of these public database (25), 901 LUSC gene expression profiles were integrated and the association between expression level and overall survival was analyzed. Furthermore, the prognostic value of Bcl-2 in LUSC was validated with a tissue microarray (TMA) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis.

Materials and methods

Data collection and prognostic association meta-analysis

Data from 16 publicly available microarray studies on lung cancer with overall survival outcome data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus (25) and The Cancer Genome Atlas were curated. Raw CEL files were obtained where possible, and were normalized, summarized and log-transformed using robust multi-array average function of the affy R package (https://www.r-project.org/; R version 3.1.2; affy version 1.44). The probe-based expression was converted into gene expression profiles, and only cases on patients with squamous cell carcinoma were retained for subsequent analysis.

For the meta-analysis of the prognostic association between gene expression and survival outcomes, the statistical significance was assessed by z-scores via univariate Cox proportional hazards regression in each of the 16 datasets (Table I) using the coxph function of the survival R package (26). Z-scores represent the number of standard deviation below (or above) the mean of a normal distribution. In addition, z-scores conveniently reflect the directionality and significance of statistical association. In order to obtain the integrated and robust prognostic landscape, z-scores for a gene were summarized across all 16 datasets to yield a ‘meta-z-score’ for the prognostic significance assessment using Lipták's weighted meta-z test with weights set to the square roots of sample sizes. The prognostic genes were defined by meta-z-scores filtered for |meta-z| >1.96 (|z|>1.96 is equivalent to a two-tailed P<0.05). Favorable prognostic genes have meta-z <-1.96 and adversely prognostic genes have meta-z >1.96.

Table I. Details of the 16 LUSC datasets used.

Table I.

Details of the 16 LUSC datasets used.

Dataset ID	Platform	LUSC number	Country	Reference (PMID)
gse3141	GPL570	53	USA	16273092
gse4573	GPL96	130	USA	16885343
gse5828	GPL3877	59	Australia	17601969
gse11117	GPL6650	14	Switzerland	19833826
gse12428	GPL1708	34	Netherlands	19334046
gse12472	GPL1708	35	Netherlands	20832896
gse14814	GPL96	52	Canada	20823422
gse17710	GPL9053	56	USA	20643781
gse19188	GPL570	24	Netherlands	20421987
gse29013	GPL570	25	USA	21742808
gse37745	GPL570	66	Sweden	23032747
gse30219	GPL570	61	France	23698379
gse41271	GPL6884	80	USA	23449933
gse11969	GPL7015	35	Japan	16549822
gse50081	GPL570	43	Canada	24305008
TCGA	GPL96	134	USA	22960745

[i] LUSC, lung squamous cell carcinoma; PMID, PubMed Identifier; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.

Patient tissue samples

A total of 72 patients LUSC who were diagnosed, and underwent surgery in People's Hospital of Peking University (Beijing, China) between 2004 and 2010 were enrolled in the present study. Fresh LUSC tissue from each patient were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (27), and constructed into TMAs (Shanghai Outdo Biotech Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China): Using the tissue chip spotter, the marked tissue is arranged on the blank wax block according to the design, and then the slicing machine is used to slice the array wax block continuously to obtain the tissue chip. Postoperative follow-up has lasted ≥3 years for all patients. Histopathological evaluation was performed independently by two pathologists. The clinical stage of the tumors was evaluated by an experienced pathologist according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system (28). Complete clinical information, including age, gender, stage, smoking, follow-up time, and survival status was collected. The present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the People's Hospital of Peking University and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

IHC analysis

All hematoxylin and eosin slides were centrally reviewed at the Department of Pathology in People's Hospital of Peking University according to the histopathological classification system adopted by the World Health Organization to confirm tumor type (29). TMA block sections (4-µm thick) were rewarmed in the oven at 65°C for 3 h, then deparaffinized in 100% xylene and dehydrated with graded ethanol washes. Antigen retrieval was performed in a pressure cooker, followed by the treatment with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 15 min at room temperature to block endogenous peroxidase activity. Thereafter, the sections were incubated at 4°C overnight with anti-Bcl-2 (dilution, 1:20; cat.no. PAB7640; Abnova, Taipei, China). After being incubated at 37°C for 1 h, these slides were washed three times in PBS and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (dilution, 1:1,000; cat. no. PAB10822; Abnova) for 15 mins at 37°C. The stained specimens were exposed to the 3,3-diaminobenzidine and counterstained with hematoxylin for 20 min at room temperature. For the negative controls, primary antibodies were replaced with PBS.

Bcl-2 staining was microscopically examined (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan; inverted fluorescent microscope; magnification, ×100) and scored by two independent pathologists who were blind to the clinical data pertaining to the patients. A semi-quantitatively scoring system (0–3) was used to evaluate the expression level of Bcl-2. The intensity of the staining was classified as negative, weak, moderate or strong. Staining intensity was scored as follows: 0 (negative), 1 (weakly positive), 2 (moderately positive), and 3 (strongly positive). The proportion of each level of staining cells were estimated A, B, C and D (between 0–100%). The above two scores were multiplied, the final score as follows: (0 × A%) + (1 × B%) + (2 × C%) + (3 × D%).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using the R statistical language with the ‘survival’ package. Briefly, the Chi-square test was performed to analyze the association between Bcl-2 expression and clinicopathological features. In the univariate survival analyses, the difference in median overall survival (OS) time between groups of patients was analyzed using the log-rank test. The independent prognostic factors of OS were further identified by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the prognostic factors were calculated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed for survival analyses and differences were tested using the log-rank test. Bcl-2 expression was categorized as high or low using the median score. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Clinical features of patients with LUSC

A TMA containing 72 LUSC cases was utilized to perform IHC staining. Overall, 10 female patients and 62 male patients, with an age range of 41–86 years (mean age, 67.4 years) were included in the current study. According to the 7th edition of the AJCC TNM staging system, 53 patients (73.6%) were at early stages (38 stage I and 15 stage II) and 19 patients (26.4%) were at advanced stages (18 stage III and 1 stage IV). The diameter of the tumor of 16 patients (22.5%) was <3 cm, while that of the remaining 55 patients (77.5%) was ≥3 cm. There were 25 patients (34.7%) with positive lymph node metastasis and 47 patients (65.3%) exhibited negative lymph node metastasis. The primary clinicopathological characteristics of these patients are listed in Table II. Generally, the overall follow-up durations ranged between 3.9 and 84.3 months. Forty-five patients were alive at the end of the follow-up and the OS rate was 62.5% in the present study.

Table II. Summary of patient characteristics (n=72).

Table II.

Summary of patient characteristics (n=72).

Clinicopathological features	No. of patients	Percentage of patients
Sex
Male	62	86.1
Female	10	13.9
Age, years
<60	19	26.4
≥60	53	73.6
Tumor size, cm
<3	17	23.6
≥3	55	76.4
Smoking
<20	21	29.2
≥20	51	70.8
Stage
I	38	52.8
II	15	20.8
III	18	25.0
IV	1	1.4

Meta-analysis of prognostic significance of Bcl-2 in patients with LUSC

To gain a comprehensive and robust insight into the prognostic significance of Bcl-2 in LUSC, the LUSC tumor gene expression profiles and survival data of 901 patients from 16 datasets were assembled, and integrated. The prognostic association between the expression level of Bcl-2 and OS were independently evaluated in 16 datasets using z-scores.

To minimize the confounding influence of batch effects and other limitations derived from pooling raw data or merging expression data across multiple studies, weighted Z-tests were used to combine independent z-scores of Bcl-2 into a ‘meta-z-score’. In different cohorts, adverse and favorable prognostic significance was associated with Bcl-2 expression, with the final meta-z-score being −2.43 for Bcl-2 (Fig. 1). This suggested that high Bcl-2 expression level is associated with longer survival times, and Bcl-2 may serve as a prognostic biomarker in predicting the OS rate of patients with LUSC.

Figure 1. Z-score and meta-z-score of Bcl-2. Meta-z-score, −2.43. Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2.

Association between the IHC expression of Bcl-2 and clinicopathological features

The expression of Bcl-2 protein was analyzed in 72 patients with LUSC using IHC (Fig. 2), and it was revealed that Bcl-2 protein was primarily localized to the cell membrane and cytoplasm of lung SCC cells, which is consistent with a previous study (18). In contrast, adjacent bronchial mucosa and alveolar epithelial cells were Bcl-2-negative. To minimize the bias of IHC scoring, a scoring standard was set up and two independent researchers scored all of IHC staining samples. Considering the overall positive rate of Bcl-2 expression observed in this study, patients with LUSC were divided into two groups as follows: Score ≤1 as the low expression group and score >1 as the high expression group. The positive rate of Bcl-2 expression in the current study was 91.7% (66/72), with 54.2% (39/72) of patients exhibiting weak expression (score ≤1) and 45.8% (33/72) of patients exhibiting strong expression (score >1).

Figure 2. Expression of Bcl-2 in lung squamous cell carcinoma tissues as detected by IHC. Presentive figures of (A) high expression and (B) low expression of Bcl-2, and (C) negative control (magnification, ×100). Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2.

The association between Bcl-2 protein expression and the clinicopathological parameters of patients with LUSC was analyzed using the Chi-square test (Table III). The results revealed that high Bcl-2 expression was significantly associated with heavy smoking (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was identified between Bcl-2 expression and other clinical parameters, including age, gender, tumor diameter, TNM stage or lymph node metastasis.

Table III. Association between the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 and clinicopathological features.

Table III.

Association between the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl-2 and clinicopathological features.

	Bcl-2
Clinicopathological variables (n=72)	Low	High	χ2	P-value
Age, years
<60	10	9	2.40×10−31	>0.99
≥60	29	24
Sex
Female	35	27	0.39	0.53
Male	4	6
AJCC7 stage
I–II	39	32	0.01	0.93
III–IV	0	1
Smoking
<20	7	14	4.17	0.04
≥20	31	18
Tumor size, cm
<3	11	5	4.75	0.19
3–5	13	15
5–7	8	10
≥7	7	2
Lymph node
N0	24	23	1.45	0.48
Metastasis
N1	6	6
N2	9	4

[i] AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2.

Survival analysis

All 72 patients were included in the survival analysis and the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was applied to determine the effect of Bcl-2 expression on survival. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated that patients with LUSC with high Bcl-2 expression had a significantly favorable OS time (Fig. 3). Univariate survival analyses were employed to identify the difference between patients with LUSC with different Bcl-2 expression levels. The log-rank test revealed that Bcl-2 expression levels, clinical stages and tumor size were significantly associated with OS (P<0.05). In addition, multivariate analysis indicated that Bcl-2 protein expression is an independent prognostic factor for patients with LUSC (HR, 0.295; CI, 0.097–0.904; P<0.05). Detailed data are listed in Table IV.

Figure 3. Kaplan-Meier overall survival analysis of patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. Survival analysis was performed according to the expression status of Bcl-2 (P<0.05). Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2.

Table IV. Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis.

Table IV.

Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis.

	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Characteristic	95% CI	Log-rank	P>|z|	95% CI	HR	P>|z|
Bcl-2 expression	0.098–0.919	19.790	0.001	0.097–0.904	0.295	0.033
Age	0.576–6.713	1.210	0.281
Gender	0.555–5.016	0.849	0.357
Tumor size	0.561–9.964	11.632	0.009	0.719–2.217	1.276	0.416
Stage	0.822–9.827	14.123	0.010	0.801–2.624	1.142	0.219

[i] HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2.

Discussion

The majority of patients with LUSC are diagnosed at advanced stages because there are no clinical symptoms or effective biomarkers (30). Additionally, numerous patients with lung cancer are diagnosed at advanced stage; therefore, it is essential to seek highly sensitive and specific molecular markers of lung cancer for early diagnosis (31).

Bcl-2 as a prognostic marker of lung cancer, including small cell lung cancer, has been reported in numerous studies, but the results remain conflicted and controversial (17,21). Furthermore, due to small sample sizes, detection methods inconsistencies and other limitations, it is difficult to compare the results (25). A meta-analysis published by Zhang et al (21) summarizes 50 articles that investigated the prognostic value of Bcl-2 in NSCLC, which, to the best of our knowledge, is currently the most comprehensive study. However, these datasets were divided into seven subtypes according to clinical or pathological stages and none of these studies were specific to LUSC.

To get a comprehensive analysis of Bcl-2 expression and prognosis, a robust survival meta-z approach was used to integrate multiple LUSC datasets from known databases (30). This method provided a larger sample size, reducing the potential for errors from single datasets. Additionally, the results were validated using IHC on a 72-sample TMA. The results suggested that Bcl-2 was significantly associated with the OS of patients with LUSC and may also serve as an independent prognostic factor as supported by multivariate analysis. Furthermore, Bcl-2 was associated with tumor size and TNM stage (Table IV), which are similar to the results observed in breast cancer (32).

Notably, there may be a dual role for Bcl-2 in cancer (33). Since Bcl-2 has anti-apoptotic effects based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, it is expected that high Bcl-2 expression may lead to worse prognosis, rather than prolonged survival (11). However, high expression of Bcl-2 was demonstrated to be a favorable prognosis factor in LUSC in the present study, suggesting that Bcl-2 may be involved in a feedback loop for cell regulation, and the exact role of Bcl-2 in the regulation of apoptosis may depend on the cell environment (34).

In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that high Bcl-2 expression in patients with LUSC indicates favorable prognosis, indicating Bcl-2 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for LUSC.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This study is founded by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (grant no. ss2014AA020602 and ss2014AA020604).

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Authors' contributions

CF, FY, XY, MQ and JunW designed the study; JiaW and SH performed the bioinformatics analysis. SG and JinW conducted the TAM staining experiments. CF, XY and MQ wrote and revised the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the People's Hospital of Peking University and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from all patients for the publication of their data.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References