Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
June-2018 Volume 15 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2018 Volume 15 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Somaia M. Abdelmegeed
    • Sulma Mohammed
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
    Copyright: © Abdelmegeed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 8195-8205
    |
    Published online on: April 2, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8411
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Animal models for examining human breast cancer (HBC) carcinogenesis have been extensively studied and proposed. With the recent advent of immunotherapy, significant attention has been focused on the dog as a model for human cancer. Dogs develop mammary tumors and other cancer types spontaneously with an intact immune system, which exhibit a number of clinical and molecular similarities to HBC. In addition to the spontaneous tumor presentation, the clinical similarities between human and canine mammary tumors (CMT) include the age at onset, hormonal etiology and course of the diseases. Furthermore, factors that affect the disease outcome, including tumor size, stage and lymph node invasion, are similar in HBC and CMT. Similarly, the molecular characteristics of steroid receptor, epidermal growth factor, proliferation marker, metalloproteinase and cyclooxygenase expression, and the mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in CMT, mimic HBC. Furthermore, ductal carcinomas in situ in human and canine mammary glands are particularly similar in their pathological, molecular and visual characteristics. These CMT characteristics and their similarities to HBC indicate that the dog could be an excellent model for the study of human disease. These similarities are discussed in detail in the present review, and are compared with the in vitro and other in vivo animal models available.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Ghoncheh M, Pournamdar Z and Salehiniya H: Incidence and mortality and epidemiology of breast cancer in the world. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 17:43–46. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

DeSantis CE, Bray F, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Anderson BO and Jemal A: International variation in female breast cancer incidence and mortality rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 24:1495–1506. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Figures. American Cancer Society, Inc.; Atlanta, GA: 2015

4 

Gazdar AF, Kurvari V, Virmani A, Gollahon L, Sakaguchi M, Westerfield M, Kodagoda D, Stasny V, Cunningham HT, Wistuba II, et al: Characterization of paired tumor and non-tumor cell lines established from patients with breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 78:766–774. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Holen I, Speirs V, Morrissey B and Blyth K: In vivo models in breast cancer research: Progress, challenges and future directions. Dis Model Mech. 10:359–371. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Levenson AS and Jordan VC: MCF-7: The first hormone-responsive breast cancer cell line. Cancer Res. 57:3071–3078. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Osborne CK, Hobbs K and Trent JM: Biological differences among MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines from different laboratories. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 9:111–121. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Burdall SE, Hanby AM, Lansdown MR and Speirs V: Breast cancer cell lines: Friend or foe? Breast Cancer Res. 5:89–95. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Amadori D, Bertoni L, Flamigni A, Savini S, De Giovanni C, Casanova S, De Paola F, Amadori A, Giulotto E and Zoli W: Establishment and characterization of a new cell line from primary human breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 28:251–260. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Yong JW, Choong ML, Wang S, Wang Y, Lim SQ and Lee MA: Characterization of ductal carcinoma in situ cell lines established from breast tumor of a Singapore Chinese patient. Cancer Cell Int. 14:942014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Meltzer P, Leibovitz A, Dalton W, Villar H, Kute T, Davis J, Nagle R and Trent J: Establishment of two new cell lines derived from human breast carcinomas with HER-2/neu amplification. Br J Cancer. 63:727–735. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Cailleau R, Olivé M and Cruciger QV: Long-term human breast carcinoma cell lines of metastatic origin: Preliminary characterization. In vitro. 14:911–915. 1978. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Engel LW and Young NA: Human breast carcinoma cells in continuous culture: A review. Cancer Res. 38:4327–4339. 1978.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Nayak SK, Kakati S, Harvey SR, Malone CC, Cornforth AN and Dillman RO: Characterization of cancer cell lines established from two human metastatic breast cancers. In vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 36:188–193. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Kurebayashi J, Otsuki T, Tang CK, Kurosumi M, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Mochizuki M, Nakamura H and Sonoo H: Isolation and characterization of a new human breast cancer cell line, KPL-4, expressing the Erb B family receptors and interleukin-6. Br J Cancer. 79:707–717. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Rye PD, Norum L, Olsen DR, Garman-Vik S, Kaul S and Fodstad O: Brain metastasis model in athymic nude mice using a novel MUC1-secreting human breast-cancer cell line, MA11. Int J Cancer. 68:682–687. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Zoli W, Roncuzzi L, Flamigni A, Gruppioni R, Sensi A, Zini N, Amadori D and Gasperi-Campani A: A new cell line from human infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast: Establishment and characterization. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 122:237–242. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Engel LW, Young NA, Tralka TS, Lippman ME, O'Brien SJ and Joyce MJ: Establishment and characterization of three new continuous cell lines derived from human breast carcinomas. Cancer Res. 38:3352–3364. 1978.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Engebraaten O and Fodstad O: Site-specific experimental metastasis patterns of two human breast cancer cell lines in nude rats. Int J Cancer. 82:219–225. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Lacroix M and Leclercq G: Relevance of breast cancer cell lines as models for breast tumours: An update. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 83:249–289. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Nelson-Rees WA, Daniels DW and Flandermeyer RR: Cross-contamination of cells in culture. Science. 212:446–452. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Rivenbark AG, O'Connor SM and Coleman WB: Molecular and cellular heterogeneity in breast cancer: Challenges for personalized medicine. Am J Pathol. 183:1113–1124. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Weiswald LB, Bellet D and Dangles-Marie V: Spherical cancer models in tumor biology. Neoplasia. 17:1–15. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Ethier SP, Mahacek ML, Gullick WJ, Frank TS and Weber BL: Differential isolation of normal luminal mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells from primary and metastatic sites using selective media. Cancer Res. 53:627–635. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Wistuba II, Behrens C, Milchgrub S, Syed S, Ahmadian M, Virmani AK, Kurvari V, Cunningham TH, Ashfaq R, Minna JD and Gazdar AF: Comparison of features of human breast cancer cell lines and their corresponding tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 4:2931–2938. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Latimer JJ, Nazir T, Flowers LC, Forlenza MJ, Beaudry-Rodgers K, Kelly CM, Conte JA, Shestak K, Kanbour-Shakir A and Grant SG: Unique tissue-specific level of DNA nucleotide excision repair in primary human mammary epithelial cultures. Exp Cell Res. 291:111–121. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Freshney RI: Animal cell culture: a practical approach. IRL Press (Oxford University Press); Oxford: 1992

28 

Kim IS and Baek SH: Mouse models for breast cancer metastasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 394:443–447. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Allred DC and Medina D: The relevance of mouse models to understanding the development and progression of human breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 13:279–288. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Lewis MT and Porter WW: Methods in mammary gland biology and breast cancer research: An update. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 14:3652009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Perez C, Parker-Thornburg J, Mikulec C, Kusewitt DF, Fischer SM, Digiovanni J, Conti CJ and Benavides F: SKHIN/Sprd, a new genetically defined inbred hairless mouse strain for UV-induced skin carcinogenesis studies. Exp Dermatol. 21:217–220. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Borowsky A: Special considerations in mouse models of breast cancer. Breast Dis. 28:29–38. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Shen Q and Brown PH: Novel agents for the prevention of breast cancer: Targeting transcription factors and signal transduction pathways. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 8:45–73. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Huijbers IJ, Krimpenfort P, Berns A and Jonkers J: Rapid validation of cancer genes in chimeras derived from established genetically engineered mouse models. Bioessays. 33:701–710. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Ruggeri BA, Camp F and Miknyoczki S: Animal models of disease: Pre-clinical animal models of cancer and their applications and utility in drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol. 87:150–161. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Du Z and Li Y: RCAS-TVA in the mammary gland: An in vivo oncogene screen and a high fidelity model for breast transformation? Cell Cycle. 6:823–826. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Balmain A and Harris CC: Carcinogenesis in mouse and human cells: Parallels and paradoxes. Carcinogenesis. 21:371–377. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Barrett JC: Mechanisms of multistep carcinogenesis and carcinogen risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect. 100:9–20. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Steele VE, Moon RC, Lubet RA, Grubbs CJ, Reddy BS, Wargovich M, McCormick DL, Pereira MA, Crowell JA, Bagheri D, et al: Preclinical efficacy evaluation of potential chemopreventive agents in animal carcinogenesis models: Methods and results from the NCI chemoprevention drug development program. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 20:32–54. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Abel EL, Angel JM, Kiguchi K and DiGiovanni J: Multi-stage chemical carcinogenesis in mouse skin: Fundamentals and applications. Nat Protoc. 4:1350–1362. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Tsukamoto T, Mizoshita T and Tatematsu M: Animal models of stomach carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol. 35:636–648. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Takahashi M, Hori M, Mutoh M, Wakabayashi K and Nakagama H: Experimental animal models of pancreatic carcinogenesis for prevention studies and their relevance to human disease. Cancers (Basel). 3:582–602. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Grivennikov SI, Greten FR and Karin M: Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 140:883–899. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Shoushtari AN, Michalowska AM and Green JE: Comparing genetically engineered mouse mammary cancer models with human breast cancer by expression profiling. Breast Dis. 28:39–51. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Pichon MF, Broet P, Magdelenat H, Delarue JC, Spyratos F, Basuyau JP, Saez S, Rallet A, Courriere P, Millon R and Asselain B: Prognostic value of steroid receptors after long-term follow-up of 2257 operable breast cancers. Br J Cancer. 73:1545–1551. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Schernhammer ES, Holly JM, Hunter DJ, Pollak MN and Hankinson SE: Insulin-like growth factor-I, its binding proteins (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3), and growth hormone and breast cancer risk in the nurses health study II. Endocr Relat Cancer. 13:583–592. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Kleinberg DL, Wood TL, Furth PA and Lee AV: Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the transition from normal mammary development to preneoplastic mammary lesions. Endocr Rev. 30:51–74. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Selman PJ, Mol JA, Rutteman GR, van Garderen E and Rijnberk A: Progestin-induced growth hormone excess in the dog originates in the mammary gland. Endocrinology. 134:287–292. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Mehta RR, Graves JM, Hart GD, Shilkaitis A and Das Gupta TK: Growth and metastasis of human breast carcinomas with Matrigel in athymic mice. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 25:65–71. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Gandhi A, Holland PA, Knox WF, Potten CS and Bundred NJ: Effects of a pure antiestrogen on apoptosis and proliferation within human breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Cancer Res. 60:4284–4288. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

51 

Chan KC, Knox WF, Gee JM, Morris J, Nicholson RI, Potten CS and Bundred NJ: Effect of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition on epithelial proliferation in normal and premalignant breast. Cancer Res. 62:122–128. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

52 

Shanks N, Greek R and Greek J: Are animal models predictive for humans? Philos Ethics Humanit Med. 4:22009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Ericsson AC, Crim MJ and Franklin CL: A brief history of animal modeling. Mo Med. 110:201–205. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

54 

Russo J, Gusterson BA, Rogers AE, Russo IH, Wellings SR and van Zwieten MJ: Comparative study of human and rat mammary tumorigenesis. Lab Invest. 62:244–278. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

55 

Russo J and Russo IH: Atlas and histologic classification of tumors of the rat mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 5:187–200. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Szpirer C: Cancer research in rat models. Methods Mol Biol. 597:445–458. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Russo IH and Russo J: Developmental stage of the rat mammary gland as determinant of its susceptibility to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. J Natl Cancer Inst. 61:1439–1449. 1978.PubMed/NCBI

58 

Thompson HJ, Adlakha H and Singh M: Effect of carcinogen dose and age at administration on induction of mammary carcinogenesis by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea. Carcinogenesis. 13:1535–1539. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Thompson HJ and Meeker LD: Induction of mammary gland carcinomas by the subcutaneous injection of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea. Cancer Res. 43:1628–1629. 1983.PubMed/NCBI

60 

Russo J, Balogh GA, Heulings R, Mailo DA, Moral R, Russo PA, Sheriff F, Vanegas J and Russo IH: Molecular basis of pregnancy-induced breast cancer protection. Eur J Cancer Prev. 15:306–342. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Nandi S, Guzman RC and Yang J: Hormones and mammary carcinogenesis in mice, rats, and humans: A unifying hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:3650–3657. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Holliday R: Neoplastic transformation: The contrasting stability of human and mouse cells. Cancer Surv. 28:103–115. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

63 

Holt MP, Shevach EM and Punkosdy GA: Endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses (mtv): New roles for an old virus in cancer, infection and immunity. Front Oncol. 3:2872013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Wong M, Pagano JS, Schiller JT, Tevethia SS, Raab-Traub N and Gruber J: New associations of human papillomavirus, Simian virus 40, and Epstein-Barr virus with human cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 94:1832–1836. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Newbold RF: Genetic control of telomerase and replicative senescence in human and rodent cells. Ciba Found Symp. 211:177–197. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

66 

Greenberg RA, Allsopp RC, Chin L, Morin GB and DePinho RA: Expression of mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase during development, differentiation and proliferation. Oncogene. 16:1723–1730. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Cabuy E, Newton C, Roberts T, Newbold R and Slijepcevic P: Identification of subpopulations of cells with differing telomere lengths in mouse and human cell lines by flow FISH. Cytometry A. 62:150–161. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Cardiff RD, Anver MR, Gusterson BA, Hennighausen L, Jensen RA, Merino MJ, Rehm S, Russo J, Tavassoli FA, Wakefield LM, et al: The mammary pathology of genetically engineered mice: The consensus report and recommendations from the Annapolis meeting. Oncogene. 19:968–988. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Cardiff RD: Validity of mouse mammary tumour models for human breast cancer: Comparative pathology. Microsc Res Tech. 52:224–230. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Savage VM, Allen AP, Brown JH, Gillooly JF, Herman AB, Woodruff WH and West GB: Scaling of number, size, and metabolic rate of cells with body size in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:4718–4723. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Helczynska K, Kronblad A, Jögi A, Nilsson E, Beckman S, Landberg G and Påhlman S: Hypoxia promotes a dedifferentiated phenotype in ductal breast carcinoma in situ. Cancer Res. 63:1441–1444. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

72 

Walrath JC, Hawes JJ, Van Dyke T and Reilly KM: Genetically engineered mouse models in cancer research. Adv Cancer Res. 106:113–164. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Gomez-Cuadrado L, Tracey N, Ma R, Qian B and Brunton VG: Mouse models of metastasis: Progress and prospects. Dis Model Mech. 10:1061–1074. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Frese KK and Tuveson DA: Maximizing mouse cancer models. Nat Rev Cancer. 7:645–658. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Rahman M and Mohammed S: Breast cancer metastasis and the lymphatic system. Oncol Lett. 10:1233–1239. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Kucherlapati R: Genetically modified mouse models for biomarker discovery and preclinical drug testing. Clin Cancer Res. 18:625–630. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Olive KP and Tuveson DA: The use of targeted mouse models for preclinical testing of novel cancer therapeutics. Clin Cancer Res. 12:5277–5287. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Huang G, Ashton C, Kumbhani DS and Ying QL: Genetic manipulations in the rat: Progress and prospects. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 20:391–399. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Cheung A, Young L, Chen P, Chao C, Ndoye A, Barry P, Muller W and Cardiff R: Microcirculation and metastasis in a new mouse mammary tumor model system. Int J Oncol. 11:69–77. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

80 

Wiese DA, Thaiwong T, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V and Kiupel M: Feline mammary basal-like adenocarcinomas: A potential model for human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with basal-like subtype. BMC Cancer. 13:4032013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

De Maria R, Olivero M, Iussich S, Nakaichi M, Murata T, Biolatti B and Di Renzo MF: Spontaneous feline mammary carcinoma is a model of HER2 overexpressing poor prognosis human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 65:907–912. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

82 

Burrai GP, Mohammed SI, Miller MA, Marras V, Pirino S, Addis MF, Uzzau S and Antuofermo E: Spontaneous feline mammary intraepithelial lesions as a model for human estrogen receptor- and progesterone receptor-negative breast lesions. BMC Cancer. 10:1562010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Weijer K, Head KW, Misdorp W and Hampe JF: Feline malignant mammary tumors. I. Morphology and biology: Some comparisons with human and canine mammary carcinomas. J Natl Cancer Inst. 49:1697–1704. 1972. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Li W, Xiao C, Vonderhaar BK and Deng CX: A role of estrogen/ERalpha signaling in BRCA1-associated tissue-specific tumor formation. Oncogene. 26:7204–7212. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Lin SC, Lee KF, Nikitin AY, Hilsenbeck SG, Cardiff RD, Li A, Kang KW, Frank SA, Lee WH and Lee EY: Somatic mutation of p53 leads to estrogen receptor alpha-positive and -negative mouse mammary tumors with high frequency of metastasis. Cancer Res. 64:3525–3532. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Jang JW, Boxer RB and Chodosh LA: Isoform-specific ras activation and oncogene dependence during MYC- and Wnt-induced mammary tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 26:8109–8121. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Owen LN: A comparative study of canine and human breast cancer. Invest Cell Pathol. 2:257–275. 1979.PubMed/NCBI

88 

Queiroga FL, Raposo T, Carvalho MI, Prada J and Pires I: Canine mammary tumours as a model to study human breast cancer: Most recent findings. In vivo. 25:455–465. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

89 

Glass AG, Lacey JV Jr, Carreon JD and Hoover RN: Breast cancer incidence, 1980–2006: combined roles of menopausal hormone therapy, screening mammography, and estrogen receptor status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 99:1152–1161. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Pollan M, Pastor-Barriuso R, Ardanaz E, Argüelles M, Martos C, Galcerán J, Sánchez-Pérez MJ, Chirlaque MD, Larrañaga N, Martínez-Cobo R, et al: Recent changes in breast cancer incidence in Spain, 1980–2004. J Natl Cancer Inst. 101:1584–1591. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Dobson JM, Samuel S, Milstein H, Rogers K and Wood JL: Canine neoplasia in the UK: Estimates of incidence rates from a population of insured dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 43:240–246. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Misdorp W: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (U.S.); American Registry of Pathology.; WHO Collaborating Center for Worldwide Reference on Comparative Oncology: Histological classification of mammary tumors of the dog and the cat. Washington: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in cooperation with the American Registry of Pathology and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Worldwide Reference on Comparative Oncology. Comp Oncol. 7:591999.

93 

Antuofermo E, Miller MA, Pirino S, Xie J, Badve S and Mohammed SI: Spontaneous mammary intraepithelial lesions in dogs-a model of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16:2247–2256. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Schneider R: Comparison of age, sex, and incidence rates in human and canine breast cancer. Cancer. 26:419–426. 1970. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Rutteman GR, Misdorp W, Blankenstein MA and van den Brom WE: Oestrogen (ER) and progestin receptors (PR) in mammary tissue of the female dog: different receptor profile in non-malignant and malignant states. Br J Cancer. 58:594–599. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Fisher ER, Sass R and Fisher B: Pathologic findings from the national surgical adjuvant breast project. Correlations with concordant and discordant estrogen and progesterone receptors. Cancer. 59:1554–1559. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Lamote I, Meyer E, Massart-Leen AM and Burvenich C: Sex steroids and growth factors in the regulation of mammary gland proliferation, differentiation, and involution. Steroids. 69:145–159. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Elston CW: Classification and grading of invasive breast carcinoma. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 89:35–44. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

99 

de las Mulas Martín J, Ordás J, Millán MY, Chacón F, De Lara M, de los Monteros Espinosa A, Reymundo C and Jover A: Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor beta in normal and tumoral canine mammary glands. Vet Pathol. 41:269–272. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Gruvberger-Saal SK, Bendahl PO, Saal LH, Laakso M, Hegardt C, Edén P, Peterson C, Malmström P, Isola J, Borg A and Fernö M: Estrogen receptor beta expression is associated with tamoxifen response in ERalpha-negative breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 13:1987–1994. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Saji S, Hirose M and Toi M: Clinical significance of estrogen receptor beta in breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 56 Suppl 1:S21–S26. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Joensuu K, Leidenius M, Kero M, Andersson LC, Horwitz KB and Heikkilä P: ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67 and CK5 in early and late relapsing breast cancer-reduced CK5 expression in metastases. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 7:23–34. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

103 

Gelbfish GA, Davidson AL, Kopel S, Schreibman B, Gelbfish JS, Degenshein GA, Herz BL and Cunningham JN: Relationship of estrogen and progesterone receptors to prognosis in breast cancer. Ann Surg. 207:75–79. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Mouttet D, Laé M, Caly M, Gentien D, Carpentier S, Peyro-Saint-Paul H, Vincent-Salomon A, Rouzier R, Sigal-Zafrani B, Sastre-Garau X and Reyal F: Estrogen-receptor, progesterone-receptor and HER2 status determination in invasive breast cancer. Concordance between immuno-histochemistry and MapQuant™ microarray based assay. PLoS One. 11:e01464742016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Krajcik RA, Borofsky ND, Massardo S and Orentreich N: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-binding proteins, and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 11:1566–1573. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

106 

van Garderen E, de Wit M, Voorhout WF, Rutteman GR, Mol JA, Nederbragt H and Misdorp W: Expression of growth hormone in canine mammary tissue and mammary tumors. Evidence for a potential autocrine/paracrine stimulatory loop. Am J Pathol. 150:1037–1047. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

107 

van Garderen E, van der Poel HJ, Swennenhuis JF, Wissink EH, Rutteman GR, Hellmén E, Mol JA and Schalken JA: Expression and molecular characterization of the growth hormone receptor in canine mammary tissue and mammary tumors. Endocrinology. 140:5907–5914. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Divisova J, Kuiatse I, Lazard Z, Weiss H, Vreeland F, Hadsell DL, Schiff R, Osborne CK and Lee AV: The growth hormone receptor antagonist pegvisomant blocks both mammary gland development and MCF-7 breast cancer xenograft growth. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 98:315–327. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Queiroga FL, Pérez-Alenza MD, Silvan G, Peña L, Lopes CS and Illera JC: Crosstalk between GH/IGF-I axis and steroid hormones (progesterone, 17beta-estradiol) in canine mammary tumours. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 110:76–82. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Queiroga FL, Pérez-Alenza D, Silvan G, Peña L, Lopes CS and Illera JC: Serum and intratumoural GH and IGF-I concentrations: Prognostic factors in the outcome of canine mammary cancer. Res Vet Sci. 89:396–403. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Yin D, Vreeland F, Schaaf LJ, Millham R, Duncan BA and Sharma A: Clinical pharmacodynamic effects of the growth hormone receptor antagonist pegvisomant: Implications for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 13:1000–1009. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Hobbs JR and Salih H: Prolactin dependence in human breast cancer. Proc R Soc Med. 66:8661973.PubMed/NCBI

113 

Ormandy CJ, Hall RE, Manning DL, Robertson JF, Blamey RW, Kelly PA, Nicholson RI and Sutherland RL: Coexpression and cross-regulation of the prolactin receptor and sex steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:3692–3699. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Queiroga FL, Pérez-Alenza MD, Silvan G, Peña L, Lopes C and Illera JC: Role of steroid hormones and prolactin in canine mammary cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 94:181–187. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Visan S, Balacescu O, Berindan-Neagoe I and Catoi C: In vitro comparative models for canine and human breast cancers. Clujul Med. 89:38–49. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Uva P, Aurisicchio L, Watters J, Loboda A, Kulkarni A, Castle J, Palombo F, Viti V, Mesiti G, Zappulli V, et al: Comparative expression pathway analysis of human and canine mammary tumors. BMC Genomics. 10:1352009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Egenvall A, Bonnett BN, Ohagen P, Olson P, Hedhammar A and von Euler H: Incidence of and survival after mammary tumors in a population of over 80,000 insured female dogs in Sweden from 1995 to 2002. Prev Vet Med. 69:109–127. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Rivera P, Melin M, Biagi T, Fall T, Häggström J, Lindblad-Toh K and von Euler H: Mammary tumor development in dogs is associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cancer Res. 69:8770–8774. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Ochiai K, Morimatsu M, Tomizawa N and Syuto B: Cloning and sequencing full length of canine Brca2 and Rad51 cDNA. J Vet Med Sci. 63:1103–1108. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Nieto A, Pérez-Alenza MD, Del Castillo N, Tabanera E, Castaño M and Peña L: BRCA1 expression in canine mammary dysplasias and tumours: Relationship with prognostic variables. J Comp Pathol. 128:260–268. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Klopfleisch R and Gruber AD: Increased expression of BRCA2 and RAD51 in lymph node metastases of canine mammary adenocarcinomas. Vet Pathol. 46:416–422. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Rajan JV, Marquis ST, Gardner HP and Chodosh LA: Developmental expression of Brca2 colocalizes with Brca1 and is associated with proliferation and differentiation in multiple tissues. Dev Biol. 184:385–401. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Green AR, Lee AH, Robertson JF and Ellis IO: Prognostic markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer. 109:25–32. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Gama A, Gärtner F, Alves A and Schmitt F: Immunohistochemical expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in canine mammary tissues. Res Vet Sci. 87:432–437. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Queiroga FL, Perez-Alenza D, Silvan G, Peña L and Illera JC: Positive correlation of steroid hormones and EGF in canine mammary cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 115:9–13. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Ross JS, Fletcher JA, Linette GP, Stec J, Clark E, Ayers M, Symmans WF, Pusztai L and Bloom KJ: The Her-2/neu gene and protein in breast cancer 2003: Biomarker and target of therapy. Oncologist. 8:307–325. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

127 

Rungsipipat A, Tateyama S, Yamaguchi R, Uchida K, Miyoshi N and Hayashi T: Immunohistochemical analysis of c-yes and c-erbB-2 oncogene products and p53 tumor suppressor protein in canine mammary tumors. J Vet Med Sci. 61:27–32. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Kerns BJ, Pence JC, Huper G, Kinney RB and Iglehart JD: c-erbB-2 expression in breast cancer detected by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem. 38:1823–1830. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Paredes J, Lopes N, Milanezi F and Schmitt FC: P-cadherin and cytokeratin 5: Useful adjunct markers to distinguish basal-like ductal carcinomas in situ. Virchows Arch. 450:73–80. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

Abd El-Rehim DM, Pinder SE, Paish CE, Bell J, Blamey RW, Robertson JF, Nicholson RI and Ellis IO: Expression of luminal and basal cytokeratins in human breast carcinoma. J Pathol. 203:661–671. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

131 

Gama A, Alves A and Schmitt F: Identification of molecular phenotypes in canine mammary carcinomas with clinical implications: Application of the human classification. Virchows Arch. 453:123–132. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

132 

Gerdes J, Lemke H, Baisch H, Wacker HH, Schwab U and Stein H: Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. J Immunol. 133:1710–1715. 1984.PubMed/NCBI

133 

Peña LL, Nieto AI, Pérez-Alenza D, Cuesta P and Castaño M: Immunohistochemical detection of Ki-67 and PCNA in canine mammary tumors: Relationship to clinical and pathologic variables. J Vet Diagn Invest. 10:237–246. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Railo M, Nordling S, von Boguslawsky K, Leivonen M, Kyllönen L and von Smitten K: Prognostic value of Ki-67 immunolabelling in primary operable breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 68:579–583. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Thomas M, Noguchi M, Kitagawa H, Kinoshita K and Miyazaki I: Poor prognostic value of proliferating cell nuclear antigen labelling index in breast carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 46:525–528. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

136 

Funakoshi Y, Nakayama H, Uetsuka K, Nishimura R, Sasaki N and Doi K: Cellular proliferative and telomerase activity in canine mammary gland tumors. Vet Pathol. 37:177–183. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

137 

Kumaraguruparan R, Prathiba D and Nagini S: Of humans and canines: Immunohistochemical analysis of PCNA, Bcl-2, p53, cytokeratin and ER in mammary tumours. Res Vet Sci. 81:218–224. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

138 

Velculescu VE and El-Deiry WS: Biological and clinical importance of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Clin Chem. 42:858–868. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

139 

Beenken SW, Grizzle WE, Crowe DR, Conner MG, Weiss HL, Sellers MT, Krontiras H, Urist MM and Bland KI: Molecular biomarkers for breast cancer prognosis: Coexpression of c-erbB-2 and p53. Ann Surg. 233:630–638. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

140 

Lee CH and Kweon OK: Mutations of p53 tumor suppressor gene in spontaneous canine mammary tumors. J Vet Sci. 3:321–325. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

141 

Chu LL, Rutteman GR, Kong JM, Ghahremani M, Schmeing M, Misdorp W, van Garderen E and Pelletier J: Genomic organization of the canine p53 gene and its mutational status in canine mammary neoplasia. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 50:11–25. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

142 

Veldhoen N, Watterson J, Brash M and Milner J: Identification of tumour-associated and germ line p53 mutations in canine mammary cancer. Br J Cancer. 81:409–415. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

143 

Muto T, Wakui S, Takahashi H, Maekawa S, Masaoka T, Ushigome S and Furusato M: p53 gene mutations occurring in spontaneous benign and malignant mammary tumors of the dog. Vet Pathol. 37:248–253. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

144 

Moll UM and Slade N: p63 and p73: Roles in development and tumor formation. Mol Cancer Res. 2:371–386. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

145 

McKeon FD: p63 and p73 in tumor suppression and promotion. Cancer Res Treat. 36:6–12. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

146 

Matos I, Dufloth R, Alvarenga M, Zeferino LC and Schmitt F: p63, cytokeratin 5, and P-cadherin: Three molecular markers to distinguish basal phenotype in breast carcinomas. Virchows Arch. 447:688–694. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

147 

Stefanou D, Batistatou A, Nonni A, Arkoumani E and Agnantis NJ: p63 expression in benign and malignant breast lesions. Histol Histopathol. 19:465–471. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

148 

Desantis CRS and Jemal A: Breast cancer facts & figures 2015–2016. Am Cancer Soc. 44:2015.

149 

Gama A, Alves A, Gartner F and Schmitt F: p63: A novel myoepithelial cell marker in canine mammary tissues. Vet Pathol. 40:412–420. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

150 

Elmore JG, Armstrong K, Lehman CD and Fletcher SW: Screening for breast cancer. JAMA. 293:1245–1256. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

151 

Morgan MP, Cooke MM and McCarthy GM: Microcalcifications associated with breast cancer: An epiphenomenon or biologically significant feature of selected tumors? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 10:181–187. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

152 

Muttarak M, Kongmebhol P and Sukhamwang N: Breast calcifications: Which are malignant? Singapore Med J. 50:907–914. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

153 

Burnside ES, Sickles EA, Bassett LW, Rubin DL, Lee CH, Ikeda DM, Mendelson EB, Wilcox PA, Butler PF and D'Orsi CJ: The ACR BI-RADS experience: Learning from history. J Am Coll Radiol. 6:851–860. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

154 

Ernster VL and Barclay J: Increases in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in relation to mammography: A dilemma. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 151–156. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

155 

Mohammed SI, Meloni GB, Parpaglia Pinna ML, Marras V, Burrai GP, Meloni F, Pirino S and Antuofermo E: Mammography and ultrasound imaging of preinvasive and invasive canine spontaneous mammary cancer and their similarities to human breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 4:1790–1798. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

156 

Cekanova M and Rathore K: Animal models and therapeutic molecular targets of cancer: Utility and limitations. Drug Des Devel Ther. 8:1911–1921. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

157 

Decker WK, da Silva RF, Sanabria MH, Angelo LS, Guimarães F, Burt BM, Kheradmand F and Paust S: Cancer immunotherapy: Historical perspective of a clinical revolution and emerging preclinical animal models. Front Immunol. 8:8292017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

158 

Estrela-Lima A, Araújo MS, Costa-Neto JM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Barrouin-Melo SM, Cardoso SV, Martins-Filho OA, Serakides R and Cassali GD: Immunophenotypic features of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from mammary carcinomas in female dogs associated with prognostic factors and survival rates. BMC Cancer. 10:2562010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

159 

Akiyama F and Horii R: Therapeutic strategies for breast cancer based on histological type. Breast Cancer. 16:168–172. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

160 

Sorenmo KU, Kristiansen VM, Cofone MA, Shofer FS, Breen AM, Langeland M, Mongil CM, Grondahl AM, Teige J and Goldschmidt MH: Canine mammary gland tumours; a histological continuum from benign to malignant; clinical and histopathological evidence. Vet Comp Oncol. 7:162–172. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Abdelmegeed SM and Mohammed S: Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease (Review). Oncol Lett 15: 8195-8205, 2018.
APA
Abdelmegeed, S.M., & Mohammed, S. (2018). Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease (Review). Oncology Letters, 15, 8195-8205. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8411
MLA
Abdelmegeed, S. M., Mohammed, S."Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease (Review)". Oncology Letters 15.6 (2018): 8195-8205.
Chicago
Abdelmegeed, S. M., Mohammed, S."Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease (Review)". Oncology Letters 15, no. 6 (2018): 8195-8205. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8411
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Abdelmegeed SM and Mohammed S: Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease (Review). Oncol Lett 15: 8195-8205, 2018.
APA
Abdelmegeed, S.M., & Mohammed, S. (2018). Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease (Review). Oncology Letters, 15, 8195-8205. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8411
MLA
Abdelmegeed, S. M., Mohammed, S."Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease (Review)". Oncology Letters 15.6 (2018): 8195-8205.
Chicago
Abdelmegeed, S. M., Mohammed, S."Canine mammary tumors as a model for human disease (Review)". Oncology Letters 15, no. 6 (2018): 8195-8205. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8411
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team