Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
June-2018 Volume 15 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2018 Volume 15 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Mechanisms for enhanced antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein

  • Authors:
    • Anliang Huang
    • Jinhu Ma
    • Liyan Huang
    • Fan Yang
    • Ping Cheng
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 8505-8515
    |
    Published online on: April 4, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8430
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Tumor associated antigen (TAA) induces both humoral immunity and cellular immunity. The T cell-mediated immune response has an important role in the immune response induced by TAA. The hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) sequence is mapped with Custer of differentiation (CD)8+ T cell (CTL) epitopes, while a large number of studies have indicated that HBx may enhance the autophagy. In our previous study, a novel hepatocellular carcinoma vaccine was designed that was an irradiated HBx modified hepatocellular carcinoma cell vaccine in autophagic form, which significantly induced antitumor immune responses in vivo. However, the mechanism by which this vaccine contributes to enhancing antitumor immune responses have yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined how autophagy was induced by this vaccine's influence on the generation of the ‘danger signal’ by hepatoma tumor cells and the subsequent activation of the immunoresponse. The data showed that the vaccine induced phenotypic maturation of DCs, which leads to efficient cross-presentation and a specific response. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes were involved in the antitumor immune response, as reflected by IFN-γ secretion. In addition, damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) were significantly elevated in the vaccine, and the elevation of DAMPs was autophagy-dependent. Furthermore, the antitumor activity was achieved by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes but not serum. The present findings indicated that this vaccine enhanced antitumor immune responses, which was in accordance with our previous study.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Steinman RM: The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu Rev Immunol. 9:271–296. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Hart DN: Dendritic cells: Unique leukocyte populations which control the primary immune response. Blood. 90:3245–3287. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Rock KL: A new foreign policy: MHC class I molecules monitor the outside world. Immunol Today. 17:131–137. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Fields RC, Shimizu K and Mulè JJ: Murine dendritic cells pulsed with whole tumor lysates mediate potent antitumor immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:9482–9487. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Perez CA, Fu A, Onishko H, Hallahan DE and Geng L: Radiation induces an antitumour immune response to mouse melanoma. Int J Radiat Biol. 85:1126–1136. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Weiss EM, Frey B, Rödel F, Herrmann M, Schlücker E, Voll RE, Fietkau R and Gaipl US: Ex vivo- and in vivo-induced dead tumor cells as modulators of antitumor responses. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1209:109–117. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Das A and Ali N: Vaccine prospects of killed but metabolically active Leishmania against visceral leishmaniasis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 11:783–785. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Hoshimoto S, Faries MB, Morton DL, Shingai T, Kuo C, Wang HJ, Elashoff R, Mozzillo N, Kelley MC, Thompson JF, et al: Assessment of prognostic circulating tumor cells in a phase III trial of adjuvant immunotherapy after complete resection of stage IV melanoma. Ann Surg. 255:357–362. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Miguel A, Herrero MJ, Sendra L, Botella R, Algás R, Sánchez M and Aliño SF: Comparative antitumor effect among GM-CSF, IL-12 and GM-CSF+IL-12 genetically modified tumor cell vaccines. Cancer Gene Ther. 20:576–581. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Yan HX, Cheng P, Wei HY, Shen GB, Fu LX, Ni J, Wu Y and Wei YQ: Active immunotherapy for mouse breast cancer with irradiated whole-cell vaccine expressing VEGFR2. Oncol Rep. 29:1510–1516. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Meijer SL, Dols A, Jensen SM, Hu HM, Miller W, Walker E, Romero P, Fox BA and Urba WJ: Induction of circulating tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells after vaccination of melanoma patients with the gp100 209-2M peptide. J Immunother. 30:533–543. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Zhang X, Mei W, Zhang L, Yu H, Zhao X, Fan X, Qian G and Ge S: Co-expression of P1A35–43/β2m fusion protein and co-stimulatory molecule CD80 elicits effective anti-tumor immunity in the P815 mouse mastocytoma tumor model. Oncol Rep. 22:1213–1220. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Iero M, Filipazzi P, Castelli C, Belli F, Valdagni R, Parmiani G, Patuzzo R, Santinami M and Rivoltini L: Modified peptides in anti-cancer vaccines: Are we eventually improving anti-tumour immunity? Cancer Immunol Immunother. 58:1159–1167. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Yan Y, Liu N, Lu L, Zang CM, Shao B, Li Y, Wen Y, Wei Y and Cheng P: Autophagy enhances antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein. Oncol Rep. 30:993–999. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Luo C, Shen G, Liu N, Gong F, Wei X, Yao S, Liu D, Teng X, Ye N, Zhang N, et al: Ammonia drives dendritic cells into dysfunction. J Immunol. 193:1080–1089. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Norman JM, Cohen GM and Bampton ET: The in vitro cleavage of the hAtg proteins by cell death proteases. Autophagy. 6:1042–1056. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Bevan MJ: Cross-priming for a secondary cytotoxic response to minor H antigens with H-2 congenic cells which do not cross-react in the cytotoxic assay. J Exp Med. 143:1283–1288. 1976. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Huang AY, Golumbek P, Ahmadzadeh M, Jaffee E, Pardoll D and Levitsky H: Role of bone marrow-derived cells in presenting MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens. Science. 264:961–965. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Rehermann B and Nascimbeni M: Immunology of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol. 5:215–229. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Malmassari S, Lone YC, Zhang M, Transy C and Michel ML: In vivo hierarchy of immunodominant and subdominant HLA-A*0201-restricted T-cell epitopes of HBx antigen of hepatitis B virus. Microbes Infect. 7:626–634. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Ding FX, Wang F, Lu YM, Li K, Wang KH, He XW and Sun SH: Multiepitope peptide-loaded virus-like particles as a vaccine against hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 49:1492–1502. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Li Y, Cheng P, Wen Y, Chen P, Yang L, Zhao X, Lv H, Quan Q, Wu Y, Yang H, et al: T lymphocyte responses against hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma induced by adenovirus vaccine encoding HBx. Int J Mol Med. 26:869–876. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Podojil JR and Miller SD: Targeting the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules: Successes and challenges. BioDrugs. 27:1–13. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Townsend SE and Allison JP: Tumor rejection after direct costimulation of CD8+ T cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells. Science. 259:368–370. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Kim R, Emi M and Tanabe K: Cancer immunoediting from immune surveillance to immune escape. Immunology. 121:1–14. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Beatty GL and Gladney WL: Immune escape mechanisms as a guide for cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 21:687–692. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Rabinovich GA, Gabrilovich D and Sotomayor EM: Immunosuppressive strategies that are mediated by tumor cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 25:267–296. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Mizushima N, Yoshimori T and Ohsumi Y: The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 27:107–132. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Virgin HW and Levine B: Autophagy genes in immunity. Nat Immunol. 10:461–470. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Mizushima N and Levine B: Autophagy in mammalian development and differentiation. Nat Cell Biol. 12:823–830. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Li Y, Wang LX, Yang G, Hao F, Urba WJ and Hu HM: Efficient cross-presentation depends on autophagy in tumor cells. Cancer Res. 68:6889–6895. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Uhl M, Kepp O, Jusforgues-Saklani H, Vicencio JM, Kroemer G and Albert ML: Autophagy within the antigen donor cell facilitates efficient antigen cross-priming of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Cell Death Differ. 16:991–1005. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Tang H, Da L, Mao Y, Li Y, Li D, Xu Z, Li F, Wang Y, Tiollais P, Li T and Zhao M: Hepatitis B virus X protein sensitizes cells to starvation-induced autophagy via up-regulation of beclin 1 expression. Hepatology. 49:60–71. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Sir D, Tian Y, Chen WL, Ann DK, Yen TS and Ou JH: The early autophagic pathway is activated by hepatitis B virus and required for viral DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:4383–4388. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Esensten JH, Helou YA, Chopra G, Weiss A and Bluestone JA: CD28 costimulation: From mechanism to therapy. Immunity. 44:973–988. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Keir ME, Butte MJ, Freeman GJ and Sharpe AH: PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol. 26:677–704. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Bennett SR, Carbone FR, Karamalis F, Miller JF and Heath WR: Induction of a CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte response by cross-priming requires cognate CD4+ T cell help. J Exp Med. 186:65–70. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Cassell D and Forman J: Linked recognition of helper and cytotoxic antigenic determinants for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci. 532:51–60. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Matzinger P: Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol. 12:991–1045. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Nickel W and Rabouille C: Mechanisms of regulated unconventional protein secretion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 10:148–155. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Deretic V, Jiang S and Dupont N: Autophagy intersections with conventional and unconventional secretion in tissue development, remodeling and inflammation. Trends Cell Biol. 22:397–406. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Tian J, Avalos AM, Mao SY, Chen B, Senthil K, Wu H, Parroche P, Drabic S, Golenbock D, Sirois C, et al: Toll-like receptor 9-dependent activation by DNA-containing immune complexes is mediated by HMGB1 and RAGE. Nat Immunol. 8:487–496. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Garg AD, Krysko DV, Vandenabeele P and Agostinis P: Hypericin-based photodynamic therapy induces surface exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns like HSP70 and calreticulin. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 61:215–221. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Obeid M, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Fimia GM, Apetoh L, Perfettini JL, Castedo M, Mignot G, Panaretakis T, Casares N, et al: Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Nat Med. 13:54–61. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Huang A, Ma J, Huang L, Yang F and Cheng P: Mechanisms for enhanced antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein. Oncol Lett 15: 8505-8515, 2018.
APA
Huang, A., Ma, J., Huang, L., Yang, F., & Cheng, P. (2018). Mechanisms for enhanced antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein. Oncology Letters, 15, 8505-8515. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8430
MLA
Huang, A., Ma, J., Huang, L., Yang, F., Cheng, P."Mechanisms for enhanced antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein". Oncology Letters 15.6 (2018): 8505-8515.
Chicago
Huang, A., Ma, J., Huang, L., Yang, F., Cheng, P."Mechanisms for enhanced antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein". Oncology Letters 15, no. 6 (2018): 8505-8515. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8430
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Huang A, Ma J, Huang L, Yang F and Cheng P: Mechanisms for enhanced antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein. Oncol Lett 15: 8505-8515, 2018.
APA
Huang, A., Ma, J., Huang, L., Yang, F., & Cheng, P. (2018). Mechanisms for enhanced antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein. Oncology Letters, 15, 8505-8515. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8430
MLA
Huang, A., Ma, J., Huang, L., Yang, F., Cheng, P."Mechanisms for enhanced antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein". Oncology Letters 15.6 (2018): 8505-8515.
Chicago
Huang, A., Ma, J., Huang, L., Yang, F., Cheng, P."Mechanisms for enhanced antitumor immune responses induced by irradiated hepatocellular carcinoma cells engineered to express hepatitis B virus X protein". Oncology Letters 15, no. 6 (2018): 8505-8515. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8430
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team