Ecotropic virus integration‑1 and calreticulin as novel prognostic markers in triple‑negative breast cancer: A retrospective cohort study
- Authors:
- Published online on: June 12, 2019 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10472
- Pages: 1847-1855
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Copyright: © He et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Breast cancer accounts for ~25% of all cancer cases and ~15% of cancer-associated mortalities in females worldwide (1). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) refers to breast cancer that is negative for the expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and hormone epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (2). TNBC accounts for 15–20% of all breast cancer pathological types (2). Treatment for breast cancer includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, endocrine and targeted therapy (3). As TNBC tumor tissue lacks expression of ER, PR and HER-2, patients with TNBC cannot benefit from endocrine therapy or targeted therapy against HER-2, unlike patients with other subtypes of breast cancer (4–7). Therefore, TNBC is a biologically aggressive subtype of breast cancer and has a poor prognosis (8,9). There is currently no specific targeted therapy for TNBC (10).
The ecotropic virus integration site 1 (EVI-1) protein is an oncogenic dual domain zinc finger transcription factor that was first identified to be abnormally expressed in myeloid tumors in mice (11). EVI-1 has since been revealed to be highly expressed in several solid tumors, including pancreatic, colorectal and prostate cancer, glioblastoma, infratentorial ependymoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, and to negatively correlate with prognosis (12–18). A common EVI-1 polymorphism (rs6774494 A>G) targeted by microRNA (miR)-206/133b was suggested to predict adverse outcomes in patients with postmenopausal breast carcinoma (19). In breast cancer, EVI-1 expression was associated with poor outcome in patients with ER-negative breast cancer (20,21). Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional calcium-binding molecular chaperone. It serves an important role in promoting tumor cell proliferation, metastasis and adhesion, as well as inducing apoptosis resistance (22). CRT is highly expressed in malignant tumors, including breast cancer, and is associated with a poor prognosis (21–27).
Several predictive biomarkers in TNBC, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), androgen receptor and the adhesion molecules CD24 and CD44, have been investigated in recent years (28–31). To the best of the authors' knowledge, the prognostic value of the expression levels of CRT and EVI-1 in TNBC is unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated the associations between the expression levels of EVI-1 and CRT and the clinical characteristics, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with TNBC.
Materials and methods
Study population
The current retrospective cohort study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University (no. 2018-0006). All patients provided written informed consent prior to enrollment.
The medical records of The First Affiliated Hospital and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University between January 2010 and June 2015 were reviewed, and patients who met the following eligibility criteria were included in the current study: i) ≥18 years; ii) received surgical resection following breast cancer diagnosis in the aforementioned time period; iii) defined as TNBC following immunohistochemical analysis (negative for ER, PR and HER-2 expression); and iv) positive for EGFR expression. The exclusion criteria were as follows: i) Male patients; ii) treatment with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy or endocrine therapy prior to resection; iii) confirmed distant metastasis; and iv) refusal to provide written consent.
Patient clinical information, including age, tumor size, TNM stage according to the 7th American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system (32), lymph node metastasis, histological type and treatment received, were obtained from the medical records. A paraffin-embedded specimen of TNBC tumor tissue and a matched paracancerous tissue specimen (defined as tissues beyond 5 cm from the edge of the tumor tissue) from each patient. All patients with TNBC were followed-up until August 2016.
Immunohistochemical analysis
TNBC tissue samples were processed and subjected to immunohistochemical staining as follows. Tissue specimens were fixed with 10% formalin and kept away from light at room temperature. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections (4 µm) were deparaffinized in xylene, rehydrated with a gradient of ethanol and washed in distilled water. A pressure cooker was used to perform the antigen retrieval step using citrate buffer at 108°C for 1–2 min. A 3% hydrogen peroxide/methanol solution was used to block the endogenous peroxidase activity for 15 min at room temperature. Non-specific antibody binding was subsequently blocked by incubation with 1% diluted normal horse serum (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) for 30 min at room temperature. The sections were incubated at room temperature for 60 min with antibodies against EVI-1 (ab-28457, 1:800; Abcam) and CRT (ab4, 1:2,000; Abcam). The sections were visualized using the SP-9001 kit and DAB kit (Rabbits SP kit; cat. no. SP-9001; OriGene Technologies, Inc.) following the manufacturer's instructions and counterstained with hematoxylin at room temperature for 1 min. Sections incubated with PBS and without a primary antibody served as a negative control. Five high-power fields of view (magnification, ×400) were randomly selected in each section using a light microscope.
EVI-1 and CRT immunoreactivity was evaluated independently by CSX and YJJ using a manual histopathology scoring method (33). For evaluation of EVI-1 and CRT staining, light yellow to brown particles in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus were defined as positive. A semi-quantitative scoring was used to judge the overall score based on tissue staining intensity and the percentage of positive cells according to the standard reported by Wang et al (34). Image-pro plus software (version 6.0; Media Cybernetics, Inc.) was used to conduct image analysis. Three sections were selected from each group (cancerous tissue and paracancerous tissue) according to the random number method, and five visual fields at ×400 magnification were randomly chosen from each section for measurement of the average optical density of positive staining (integrated optical density (IOD)/area). Quantitative results are presented in Fig. 1, which represents the difference of IOD among the different groups. The staining intensity was characterized as 0 points for no coloring, 1 point for weak staining, 2 points for medium staining and 3 points for strong staining (19,35,36). The percentage of positive cells was categorized as follows: 0 points for no positive cells, 1 point for ≤25% positive area, 2 points for 26–50% positive area, 3 points for 51–75% positive area and 4 points for >75% positive area. To obtain the overall score, the aforementioned two scores were multiplied, and a result of 0–4 was defined as low expression (negative) and 6–12 as high expression (positive).
Statistical analysis
A Chi-square test was performed to assess the associations between EVI-1 and CRT expression and various clinicopathological variables. The Spearman's correlation test was used to determine if the expression levels of EVI-1 and CRT correlated with TNBC. Comparison among multiple groups were performed by one-way analysis of variance followed by the least-significant difference test. The main outcomes of the current study were OS and DFS. DFS referred to the period from the date of primary surgery to the date of diagnosis of distant or local recurrence, and OS was defined as the period from the date of primary surgery to the date of mortality from any cause. The Kaplan-Meier method to evaluate the median DFS and OS times and the log-rank test was used to test the significance of differences in DFS and OS. Multivariable analysis of predictors of DFS and OS was performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version 17; SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Patient information
A total of 88 patients with TNBC who met the eligibility criteria were included in the final analysis. The patient characteristics are presented in Table I. The mean age of the patients was 54 years (range, 30–77 years). The median follow-up time was 43.5 months (range, 12–75 months). No patient data were lost during the follow-up. At the end of the study, 62.5% (55/88) of the patients had experienced local/distant recurrence, and 51.13% (45/88) had succumbed.
EVI-1 and CRT expression in TNBC and paracancerous tissues
Among the 88 patients with TNBC, 59.1% exhibited high expression levels of EVI-1. EVI-1 immunostaining was mainly localized in the cytoplasm, but staining was also present in the nuclei of tumor cells (Fig. 1). High expression of CRT was observed in 72.7% of the patients, and its expression was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm (Fig. 1). Staining for EVI-1 and CRT revealed low expression levels in all adjacent normal tissues. Statistically significant differences in the expression of EVI-1 and CRT were observed between the TNBC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05; Table II). The positive rates of EVI-1 and CRT staining in TNBC tissues were significantly higher than those in adjacent healthy tissues (P<0.05).
EVI-1 and CRT expression in TNBC
Among the 88 cases of TNBC, 44 revealed high expression levels of both EVI-1 and CRT, and 16 cases had low expression of both. The Spearman's correlation test demonstrated that the expression levels of EVI-1 and CRT were significantly positively correlated with TNBC (r2=0.321; P=0.002; data not shown).
Association of EVI-1 and CRT expression levels with other clinicopathological variables
The expression levels of EVI-1 and CRT in TNBC was associated with clinicopathological variables (Table III). High expression of EVI-1 was closely associated with the histopathological type, cancer-associated thrombosis, lymph node metastasis, pathological stage and elevated Ki-67 expression (P<0.05). Chi-square analysis revealed that the expression of CRT was closely associated with age and elevated Ki-67 expression (P<0.05). Younger age and higher Ki-67 expression were associated with increased expression of CRT.
 | Table III.Correlations between EVI-1 and CRT expression in cancer tissues and clinicopathological variables in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (n=88). |
Clinicopathological variables associated with poor prognosis in TNBC
COX risk regression models revealed that age, BMI, Ki-67 expression, EVI-1 expression and CRT expression were independent risk factors for a poor prognosis of TNBC (Table IV).
| Table IV.Multivariate analysis of predictive factors for disease-free survival and overall survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (n=88). |
EVI-1/CRT expression and prognosis of patients with TNBC
The survival curves revealed that the OS (mean ± standard deviation) for patients with a high expression level of EVI-1 was significantly lower compared with patients with a low expression level (36.79±1.67 months vs. 58.11±3.42 months; P<0.001; Fig. 2). Similar results were obtained for the DFS (24.62±1.72 months vs. 45.57±3.09 months; P<0.001; Fig. 2).
The OS of patients with high CRT expression was significantly lower compared with that of patients with low CRT expression (42.76±2.54 months vs. 50.44±3.12 months; P=0.036; Fig. 3). However, the level of CRT expression did not result in a significant difference in PFS (high expression, 31.35±2.44 months vs. low expression, 35.00±2.88 months; P=0.323; Fig. 3).
Combination of EVI-1 and CRT expression as a prognostic biomarker in TNBC
The present study further explored whether combining EVI-1 and CRT expression statuses may be used as a prognostic biomarker for patients with TNBC. The patients were sub-categorized into four groups according to EVI-1 and CRT expression status: i) Low EVI-1/low CRT expression (N=16); ii) low EVI-1/high CRT expression (n=20); iii) high EVI-1/low CRT expression (N=8), and iv) high EVI-1/high CRT expression (N=44). Among the four groups, Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed significant differences in DFS (P<0.001) and OS (P<0.001). Additionally, this difference was greatest between the high EVI-1/high CRT group and all other groups (Fig. 4). Subsequent analysis revealed that patients in the high EVI-1/high CRT group (N=44) had significantly reduced DFS (P<0.001, log-rank test) and OS (P<0.001, log-rank test) compared with patients in all other groups (N=44; Fig. 4).
Discussion
The current retrospective cohort study evaluated the effects of EVI-1 and CRT expression on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with TNBC. The expression levels of EVI-1 and CRT in TNBC and paracancerous tissues were analyzed. EVI-1 and CRT expression was low or absent in paracancerous tissues and increased in TNBC tissues, which is consistent with previous studies (21,24). No association between EVI-1 expression in TNBC tissues and age, BMI, histological grade, tumor size and p53 expression was observed. However, EVI-1 expression was significantly associated with pathological type, presence of vascular tumor embolus, lymph node metastasis, pathological stage and a hyperproliferative Ki-67 index (P<0.05). The expression of CRT was closely associated with age and Ki-67 expression. Younger age and higher Ki-67 expression were associated with increased expression of CRT.
As the TNBC cell proliferation activity is increased with elevated expression of Ki-67, the degree of malignancy of TNBC is also increased (37). The results of the present study suggested that the prognosis of patients with TNBC with low EVI-1 expression is improved. Wang et al (14) revealed that increased expression of EVI-1 is associated with the proliferation of ER and HER-2 negative breast cancer cells, providing a theoretical basis for the current study. The present study revealed that the increased expression of EVI-1 and CRT was associated with an increase in Ki-67 expression, suggesting that EVI-1 and CRT in TNBC tissues may be closely associated with the proliferation of cancer cells. Therefore, it may be speculated that EVI-1 and CRT may be related to invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, thereby affecting patient PFS and OS. Chen et al (38) demonstrated that the increased expression of CRT in gastric cancer was positively correlated with vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis and was associated with poor prognosis. The overexpression of CRT promoted proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, whereas knockdown of CRT inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells (25). CRT is considered to inhibit downstream signaling in the MAPK and p53 signaling pathways (39). However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of EVI-1 expression on the prognosis of patients with TNBC remains unclear. One hypothesis is that EVI-1 may promote the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, antagonize the transforming growth factor-β-signaling pathway, and regulate long-chain non-coding RNA to promote tumor cell proliferation.
The increase expression of EVI-1 and CRT may lead to increased proliferation, invasion and metastasis of TNBC, which in turn affects the PFS and OS of patients with TNBC. By combining the CRT status and EVI-1 status for predicting prognosis in TNBC, the present study demonstrated that patients with high expression of both EVI-1 and CRT had significantly decreased OS and DFS compared with the patients in the other subgroups. Quan et al (35) revealed that the level of miR-206 expression in breast cancer tissue was significantly higher compared with that in adjacent tissues, and that the 3-year survival rate of patients with high miR-206 expression was decreased compared with patients with low miR-206 expression. Our previous studies suggested that miR-206 negatively regulated the expression of transcription factor EVI-1 (40), which indicates that EVI-1 may regulate its expression and have an impact on biological behaviors of tumor cells through specific miRNAs. In addition, recent studies revealed that low expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and high expression of DNA polymerase Δ1, catalytic subunit are associated with the occurrence and development of breast cancer and may have prognostic value in breast cancer (29,30). Therefore, testing for both EVI-1 and CRT may be useful to evaluate the prognosis of patients with breast cancer and prevent recurrence. In addition, the identification of novel biomarkers may aid clinical practice and improve patient outcomes.
The present study had a number of limitations. Cases with missing data were excluded from the final analysis, potentially leading to information bias. The effect of therapy on patient outcome was not assessed as all the patients included in the current study received a similar standard treatment strategy. The small sample size limited the statistical power to some degree and more cases are required for future analysis. In conclusion, EVI-1 and CRT may serve important roles in the progression of TNBC. The detection of the expression levels of EVI-1 and CRT may aid the diagnosis of TNBC and serve as a prognosis indicator for patients with TNBC.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81372812).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
DNH designed the study, conducted the literature search and patient data collection, appraised all potential studies and wrote and revised the draft manuscript and subsequent manuscripts. LW revised the draft manuscript, data analysis, and subsequent manuscripts. XXL and XDL assisted with the presentation of findings and assisted with drafting and revising the manuscript. XXL collected and followed up the cases. XDL analyzed and interpreted the experimental data. PM and YHJ conceived and designed the study, assisted with searches, appraised relevant studies, and assisted with drafting and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The current retrospective study was approved by The Ethical Review Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University (no. 2018-0006). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrolment.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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