Open Access

Clinical outcomes in primary scalp angiosarcoma

Corrigendum in: /10.3892/ol.2020.12025

  • Authors:
    • Yong Zhang
    • Yanwen Yan
    • Ming Zhu
    • Cheng Chen
    • Nanhang Lu
    • Fazhi Qi
    • Jiaqi Liu
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: September 19, 2019     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10886
  • Pages: 5091-5096
  • Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Scalp angiosarcoma is a rare, extremely aggressive cutaneous malignancy with poor patient prognosis. The present study reviewed the cases of 42 patients who presented scalp angiosarcoma and were treated at the Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University between January 2002 and December 2013. The clinical characteristics, demographics, treatment regimens and outcomes of patients were analyzed, and the overall survival (OS) and recurrence‑free survival (RFS) rates were calculated. A total of 42 patients were examined in this study. Surgery was the most common therapeutic measure, and was performed in 39 patients, alone (12 patients), in combination with chemotherapy (14 patients), radiotherapy (6 patients) or 3‑modality‑therapy (7 patients). The median follow‑up time of patients was 28.5 months. The 5‑year OS rate was 19%, and the 5‑year RFS rate was 10%. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that patients whose tumor presented a nodular localized lesion had a significantly improved OS rate (P=0.0078). Patients aged ≥70 years were associated with a lower 5‑year OS (P=0.0071) and RFS rates (P=0.0095) vs. patients aged <70 years. Different treatments were not identified to be significantly associated with an improved OS or RFS. The present results also indicated that if the tumor presented nodular localized lesions, the patients exhibited a better prognosis than those with a diffuse lesion. Although younger patients had better clinical outcomes, the likelihood of recurrence and mortality remained high for all patients.

Introduction

Cutaneous angiosarcomas are aggressive tumors that arise in either the blood or lymphatic vessels, and account for ~15% of all head and neck sarcomas and 1% of all soft tissue sarcomas (1). Cutaneous angiosarcoma has a reported 5-year overall survival (OS) rate between 9 and 30% (24). The scalp and face are the most common sites of cutaneous angiosarcoma (4). Previous studies investigated the survival outcomes for cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp vs. face, and the results have indicated that scalp angiosarcoma has a worse survival rate compared with facial angiosarcomas (2,4). However, the present study focused on the outcomes of scalp angiosarcoma; therefore, patients with facial angiosarcomas were excluded.

Scalp angiosarcoma has an innocuous presentation (5,6). Complete surgical resection with wide margins is preferred for loco-regional disease (7). Chemotherapy is widely used in patients with lesions that cannot be entirely resected, or who have distant metastatic disease (7). However, the optimal treatment for patients with scalp angiosarcoma has not yet been defined.

Due to its low incidence, the available literature on scalp angiosarcoma primarily consists of case reports, and few large single institution series on scalp angiosarcoma have been published (5,6,8). In the present analysis, a relatively large cohort study was performed, where 42 patients with scalp angiosarcoma were diagnosed and treated at a monocenter (Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University) over a period of 12 years. The present study analyzed patient and tumor characteristics, as well as treatment algorithms. The potential associations between these parameters and patient outcomes were investigated.

Materials and methods

Ethics approval and consent to participate

After Institutional Review Board (Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital) approval was obtained, the present study performed a retrospective review, which included all patients diagnosed with and treated for scalp angiosarcomas at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (Shanghai, China), between January 2002 and December 2013. A total of 42 patients were included in the present study, 25 (60%) were male and 17 (40%) were female, and the patient age at the time of diagnosis age ranged between 19 and 82 years (median, 60 years). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and/or family members. Cases with an unclear histological diagnosis and without a complete medical history were excluded from the present study. Patients with facial angiosarcoma, Stewart-Treves and angiosarcoma on trunk or extremities were also excluded.

Patient and disease characteristics

Epidemiological data including patient demographics, tumor characteristics (such as location, size and margin status), tumor grade, treatment parameters, and outcome (local recurrence and metastases) were obtained and analyzed. Tumor grade was stratified into two groups; low and high, as described previously (8). Among these patients, 25 (60%) were male and 17 (40%) were female, and the patient age at the time of diagnosis age ranged between 19 and 82 years (median, 60 years). Based on the type of lesion, patients were divided into a nodular localized lesion group (Fig. 1) and a diffuse lesion group (Fig. 2). The tumor presented as a nodular localized lesion in 25/42 patients (60%) and as a diffuse lesion in 17/42 patients (40%). OS and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were listed.

Patients included in the present research provided their complete medical history, underwent a complete physical examination, routine laboratory tests and appropriate imaging examinations (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) prior to undergoing treatment. Through a review of the pathology slides, a diagnosis of angiosarcoma was histologically confirmed in each case by two pathologists affiliated to Zhongshan Hospital (Fudan University) at the time of patient presentation.

Percentages were used to describe characteristics of patients, disease and treatment algorithms. OS and RFS rates were calculated and compared with those described in published literature (8). OS rate was calculated as the time from the date of diagnosis to the date of patient mortality. RFS rate was calculated as the time from date the patient was considered disease-free to the date of recurrence or mortality. Multimodality therapy was defined for treatment presenting ≥2 modalities including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation or median with range and interquartile range depending on their distribution. Categorical variables were presented as frequency and percent. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate actuarial curves for OS and RFS rates, and a log-rank test to compare survival. A Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis to test the predictive ability of clinical variables. The χ2 or Fisher exact test was used to test for differences between proportions for categorical variables. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Unless otherwise stated in the text, all P-values were two-sided. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 software (IBM Corp.).

Results

Patient and disease characteristics

The patient characteristics are presented in Table I. A total of 42 cases were clearly documented and served as the cohort for this analysis. In all patients, the primary lesions were located on the scalp. The tumor presented either as a nodular localized lesion in 25/42 patients (60%) or as a diffuse lesion in 17/42 patients (40%). The present study recorded characteristics such as gross tumor size. The maximal dimension ranged between 2 and 9 cm, and the size was ≤5.0 cm in 19 patients (45%) and >5.0 cm in 23 patients (55%), with a median size of 6.0 cm. Patients did not exhibit any signs of distant metastatic disease outside the scalp at the time of diagnosis.

Table I.

Characteristics of 42 patients with scalp angiosarcoma treated at Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University.

Table I.

Characteristics of 42 patients with scalp angiosarcoma treated at Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University.

CharacteristicPatients, n (%)
Sex
  Male25 (60)
  Female17 (40)
Age, years
  <7033 (79)
  ≥709 (21)
Tumor size, cm
  ≤519 (45)
  >523 (55)
Tumor presentation
  Nodular25 (60)
  Diffusion17 (40)
Local therapy
  Surgery alone12 (29)
  Radiation alone0 (0)
  Chemotherapy alone0 (0)
  Target therapy alone3 (7)
Combine therapy
  Surgery+chemotherapy14 (33)
  Surgery+radiation6 (14)
  Surgery+chemotherapy+radiation7 (17)
Treatment

Definitive surgical resection was the most common therapeutic measure, and was performed in 39 (93%) patients, alone (12 patients), in combination with chemotherapy (14 patients), radiotherapy (6 patients) or 3-modality-therapy (7 patients). The remaining three patients received targeted therapy with apatinib. When treatment algorithms included surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the chemotherapy and radiotherapy were administered post-operatively. Surgical resection margins were at >3 cm, wherever possible, around any visible or palpable tumor. Graft or flap reconstruction was performed in patients who received surgery.

Combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy was performed in 7 patients. Radiation therapy was delivered to the entire scalp post-operatively in 13 (31%) patients. The median radiotherapy dose for patients treated with radiotherapy following surgery was 45 Gy (range, 40.0–60.0 Gy). A total of 21 (50%) patients received chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of doxorubicin liposomes in 16 patients and cyclophosphamide alone in 5 patients. A total of 3 (7%) patients received apatinib as the sole treatment. No severe complications associated with treatments were detected.

Patient outcomes

The median follow-up time of patients was 28.5 months (range, 5–107 months). A total of 37 (88%) patients succumbed to mortality from angiosarcoma of the scalp. The 2-, 3- and 5-year OS rates were 64, 29 and 19%, respectively (Fig. 3). A total of 23 (55%) patients experienced tumor recurrence. The RFS rate was 55, 26 and 10% at 2, 3 and 5 years, respectively (Fig. 4). At 1- and 3-years following recurrence, the OS rate was 25 and 10%, respectively (Fig. 5). Only two patients developed distant metastasis in the lungs.

Based on multivariate analysis, no treatment factors were significantly predictive of worse OS or RFS rates (data not shown). In the univariate analysis, patients aged ≥70 years had a significantly worse OS rate (P=0.0071; Fig. 6) and a worse RFS rate (P=0.0095; Fig. 7). Among tumor characteristics, only patients whose tumor presented as a nodular localized lesion had a significantly improved OS (P=0.0079; Fig. 8) and RFS (P=0.0041; Fig. 9) rates. Prognostic factors including tumor presentations, tumor size, tumor grade and treatment algorithms indicated that no factor was significantly predictive of tumor recurrence. In addition, no significant differences were observed between the responses of different tumor presentations to chemotherapy or radiation (Table II).

Table II.

Univariate analysis of overall survival rate and recurrence-free survival rate in 42 patients with scalp angiosarcoma treated at Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University.

Table II.

Univariate analysis of overall survival rate and recurrence-free survival rate in 42 patients with scalp angiosarcoma treated at Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University.

VariablePatients, n (%)5-year OS, %P-value5-year RFS, %P-value
Sex 0.177 0.092
  Male25 (60)23 18
  Female17 (40)11 0
Age, years 0.007
  <7033 (79)23 150.010a
  ≥709 (21)0 0
Tumor presentation 0.003 0.004a
  Nodular24 (57)29 19
  Diffusion18 (43)6 0
Tumor grade 0.936 0.987
  Low12 (29)17 13
  High30 (71)15 15
Tumor size, cm 0.979 0.961
  ≤519 (45)16 12
  <523 (55)15 15
Local therapy 0.517 0.683
  S12 (29)25 25
  S+RT6 (14)  0 0
Multimodality therapy 0.587 0.628
  S+C14 (33)14 7
  S+RT  6 (14)0 0
  S+RT+C  7 (17)15 0

a P<0.05. OS, overall survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival; S, surgery; RT, radiation therapy; C, chemotherapy.

Discussion

Scalp angiosarcoma is a malignant aggressive head soft tissue neoplasm often with an innocuous presentation (5,6). Despite ongoing researches, the treatment options for angiosarcoma are limited, and even following aggressive therapy, patient survival is very poor (2,7). Therefore, timely and accurate diagnosis of this disease is critical in order to ensure an optimal patient outcome. However, initial diagnosis is often difficult due to a lack of definitive symptoms (8).

In the present study, the 5-year OS rate was 19%, and the 5-year RFS rate was 10%, with these demographic results being similar to previous reports (4,911). A total of 23 (55%) patients experienced disease recurrence, and this result was consistent with a previously reported case (12). In our surgical practice, it was noted that patients with nodular tumor presentation usually had definitive local resection, while patients with diffuse presentation usually had uncertain margins that may be associated with recurrence. Other institutional reviews of angiosarcoma revealed that there was no significant difference in rates of loco-regional recurrence among the different tumor presentations or treatment modalities (7,13). Guadagnolo et al (9) reported that tumor size >5 cm was significantly indicative of a worse prognosis for OS rate; however, the present study did not observe a statistically significant association between these two parameters.

In the present study, only two (5%) patients developed distant metastasis. This low distant metastatic rate was inconsistent with previously reported cases (10,11). This inconsistency may be due to the fact that an autopsy was not performed in the majority of cases, therefore some metastases may have been neglected.

It has been previously reported that angiosarcoma can be caused by therapeutic radiation or chronic lymphedema; therefore, secondary breast angiosarcomas are an important subgroup of angiosarcomas (14). However, in the present study, no patients presented with a history of radiotherapy or chronic lymphedema. In the department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital (Shanghai, China), the most commonly observed presentation of angiosarcoma was on the scalp.

Morgan et al (15) demonstrated that a positive surgical margin was associated with poor OS in 44 patients with angiosarcoma of the face and scalp. However, in the current literature, the implication of surgical margins on the outcome of scalp angiosarcoma is still debated, and multiple studies did not identify such correlation (4,7,9). In the present study, surgical resection margin for visible tumor was at ≥3 cm. This extended resection aimed to obtain negative surgical margin status, which coincided with literature that supported the role of curative-intent surgery, irrespective of the histological surgical margin status (16). Reconstructive options involve skin grafting, local pedicled and axial flaps, and microsurgery for complex and extensive wound reconstruction (13). If bone invasion was not present, the skull periosteum and graft skin were retained (12).

Current treatment for angiosarcomas of the scalp, face and neck typically involves surgery and neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy (4,7). In this study, it was noted that no patients survived without chemotherapy treatment, suggesting that chemotherapy played an important part in angiosarcoma research. The study by Chow et al (17) reported that monotherapy with the β-blocker propranolol was capable of reducing the proliferative index of a cutaneous angiosarcoma. In the study conducted by Singla et al (18), patients received paclitaxel-based regimens. Similarly, Schlemmer et al (19) reported that patients with advanced angiosarcoma who were treated with paclitaxel had a significantly improved survival. However, no assumptions can be made pertaining to the OS from these studies. Gebhardt et al (20) reported that complete remission of treatment-refractory advanced scalp angiosarcoma occurred following protracted intralesional interleukin-2 therapy. Young et al (21) investigated vascular-targeted agents, including bevacizumab [an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody], axitinib [a VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor], everolimus (an mTOR inhibitor), selumetinib (a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor) and vadimezan (a vascular-disrupting agent) on cutaneous angiosarcoma cell lines, showing positive responses. However, a subsequent clinical study indicated that patients did not benefit from VEGF/VEGFR targeted treatment (22). Additional studies with expanded patient populations are necessary to fully examine the adjuvant natures of these agents in the setting of other therapeutic regimens. In the present study, three patients received apatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits VEGFR2; however, it did not significantly improve the outcome of the patients.

The complete pathogenesis of angiosarcoma remains unknown, and it is still a matter of debate whether angiosarcomas are derived from blood or lymph vessels or their progenitors (23). In recent years, multiple studies have sought to establish the molecular pathogeneses of angiosarcomas and identify specific targets for its treatment: Wada et al (24) investigated the effect of inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway using ISOS-1 and ISO-HAS angiosarcoma cell lines, and demonstrated that the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) inhibitor was a promising therapeutic agent. In addition, Tsuneki et al (25) identified an agent named survivin as a promising biomarker and critical regulator of cellular proliferation for angiosarcoma using human angiosarcoma specimens, and also suggested that YM155 may function as a potential therapeutic agent.

However, there are limitations to the present study, as it was retrospective regarding data collection, and could be influenced by the inherent bias of study design. The present study spanned over a period of 12 years, and has been accompanied by rapid advances in the treatment modalities. Therefore, selection bias may be involved due to the heterogeneous treatment. In conclusion, the present study indicates that scalp angiosarcoma is an aggressive malignancy with a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Despite the fact that the exact mechanisms underlying angiosarcoma remain unclear, the research on cutaneous angiosarcoma genomics is preliminary but consistent (26).

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Funding

The present study was supported from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81802724).

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Authors' contributions

JL, YY, MZ, CC, NL, FQ and YZ designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and/or family members.

Patient consent for publication

All patients provided written informed consent for the publication of the present study and images.

Competing interests

All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

1 

Wanebo HJ, Koness RJ, MacFarlane JK, Eilber FR, Byers RM, Elias EG and Spiro RH: Head and neck sarcoma: Report of the Head and Neck Sarcoma Registry. Society of Head and Neck Surgeons Committee on Research. Head Neck. 14:1–7. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Bernstein JM, Irish JC, Brown DH, Goldstein D, Chung P, Razak A, Catton C, Gilbert RW, Gullane PJ and O'Sullivan B: Survival outcomes for cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp versus face. Head Neck. 39:1205–1211. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Mendenhall WM, Mendenhall CM, Werning JW, Reith JD and Mendenhall NP: Cutaneous angiosarcoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 29:524–528. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Pawlik TM, Paulino AF, McGinn CJ, Baker LH, Cohen DS, Morris JS, Rees R and Sondak VK: Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp: A multidisciplinary approach. Cancer. 98:1716–1726. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Ye J, Li XF, Wang YD and Yuan Y: Long-term survival of a patient with scalp angiosarcoma and multiple metastases treated using combination therapy: A case report. Oncol Lett. 9:1725–1728. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Lin SC and Chang TS: Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp mimicking facial cellulitis. Ear Nose Throat J. 95:438–440. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Fury MG, Antonescu CR, Van Zee KJ, Brennan MF and Maki RG: A 14-year retrospective review of angiosarcoma: Clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and treatment outcomes with surgery and chemotherapy. Cancer J. 11:241–247. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Perez MC, Padhya TA, Messina JL, Jackson RS, Gonzalez RJ, Bui MM, Letson GD, Cruse CW, Lavey RS, Cheong D, et al: Cutaneous angiosarcoma: A Single-Institution experience. Ann Surg Oncol. 20:3391–3397. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Guadagnolo BA, Zagars GK, Araujo D, Ravi V, Shellenberger TD and Sturgis EM: Outcomes after definitive treatment for cutaneous angiosarcoma of the face and scalp. Head Neck. 33:661–667. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ogawa K, Takahashi K, Asato Y, Yamamoto Y, Taira K, Matori S, Iraha S, Yagi N, Yogi A, Haranaga S, et al: Treatment and prognosis of angiosarcoma of the scalp and face: A retrospective analysis of 48 patients. Br J Radiol. 85:e1127–e1133. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Patel SH, Hayden RE, Hinni ML, Wong WW, Foote RL, Milani S, Wu Q, Ko SJ and Halyard MY: Angiosarcoma of the scalp and face: The Mayo clinic experience. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141:335–340. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Lee BL, Chen CF, Chen PC, Lee HC, Liao WC, Perng CK, Ma H and Lin CH: Investigation of prognostic features in primary cutaneous and soft tissue angiosarcoma after surgical resection: A retrospective study. Ann Plast Surg. 78 (Suppl 2):S41–S46. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Abraham JA, Hornicek FJ, Kaufman AM, Harmon DC, Springfield DS, Raskin KA, Mankin HJ, Kirsch DG, Rosenberg AE, Nielsen GP, et al: Treatment and outcome of 82 patients with angiosarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 14:1953–1967. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Young RJ, Brown NJ, Reed MW, Hughes D and Woll PJ: Angiosarcoma. Lancet Oncol. 11:983–9891. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Morgan MB, Swann M, Somach S, Eng W and Smoller B: Cutaneous angiosarcoma: A case series with prognostic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 50:867–874. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Oashi K, Namikawa K, Tsutsumida A, Takahashi A, Itami J, Igaki H, Inaba K and Yamazaki N: Surgery with curative intent is associated with prolonged survival in patients with cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp and face - a retrospective study of 38 untreated cases in the Japanese population. Eur J Surg Oncol. 44:823–829. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Chow W, Amaya CN, Rains S, Chow M, Dickerson EB and Bryan BA: Growth attenuation of cutaneous angiosarcoma with propranolol-mediated β-blockade. JAMA Dermatol. 151:1226–1229. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Singla S, Papavasiliou P, Powers B, Gaughan J, von Mehren M, Watson JC and Farma JM: Challenges in the treatment of angiosarcoma: A single institution experience. Am J Surg. 208:254–259. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Schlemmer M, Reichardt P, Verweij J, Hartmann JT, Judson I, Thyss A, Hogendoorn PC, Marreaud S, Van Glabbeke M and Blay JY: Paclitaxel in patients with advanced angiosarcomas of soft tissue: A retrospective study of the EORTC soft tissue and bone sarcoma group. Eur J Cancer. 44:2433–2436. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Gebhardt C, Ziegler B, Stadler S, Goerdt S and Utikal J: Complete remission of treatment-refractory advanced angiosarcoma of the scalp by protracted intralesional interleukin-2 therapy. Br J Dermatol. 172:1156–1158. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Young RJ, Woll PJ, Staton CA, Reed MW and Brown NJ: Vascular-targeted agents for the treatment of angiosarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 73:259–270. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Young RJ and Woll PJ: Anti-angiogenic therapies for the treatment of angiosarcoma: A clinical update. Memo. 10:190–193. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Donghi D, Kerl K, Dummer R, Schoenewolf N and Cozzio A: Cutaneous angiosarcoma: Own experience over 13 years. Clinical features, disease course and immunohistochemical profile. J Eur Acad Dermatol. 24:1230–1234. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Wada M, Horinaka M, Yasuda S, Masuzawa M, Sakai T and Katoh N: PDK1 is a potential therapeutic target against angiosarcoma cells. J DermatoL Sci. 78:44–50. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Tsuneki M, Kinjo T, Mori T, Yoshida A, Kuyama K, Ohira A, Miyagi T, Takahashi K, Kawai A, Chuman H, et al: Survivin: A novel marker and potential therapeutic target for human angiosarcoma. Cancer Sci. 108:2295–2305. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Shustef E, Kazlouskaya V, Prieto VG, Ivan D and Aung PP: Cutaneous angiosarcoma: A current update. J Clin Pathol. 70:917–925. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

November-2019
Volume 18 Issue 5

Print ISSN: 1792-1074
Online ISSN:1792-1082

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang Y, Yan Y, Zhu M, Chen C, Lu N, Qi F and Liu J: Clinical outcomes in primary scalp angiosarcoma Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2020.12025. Oncol Lett 18: 5091-5096, 2019
APA
Zhang, Y., Yan, Y., Zhu, M., Chen, C., Lu, N., Qi, F., & Liu, J. (2019). Clinical outcomes in primary scalp angiosarcoma Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2020.12025. Oncology Letters, 18, 5091-5096. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10886
MLA
Zhang, Y., Yan, Y., Zhu, M., Chen, C., Lu, N., Qi, F., Liu, J."Clinical outcomes in primary scalp angiosarcoma Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2020.12025". Oncology Letters 18.5 (2019): 5091-5096.
Chicago
Zhang, Y., Yan, Y., Zhu, M., Chen, C., Lu, N., Qi, F., Liu, J."Clinical outcomes in primary scalp angiosarcoma Corrigendum in /10.3892/ol.2020.12025". Oncology Letters 18, no. 5 (2019): 5091-5096. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10886