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Introduction

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) originates from the epithelial lining of the oral cavity and is the sixth most common cancer worldwide (1). Modern treatment utilizes a multimodality strategy that primarily involves surgery and radiotherapy and the 5-year overall survival is ~60%. Combinational treatment with chemoradiotherapy, including cisplatin-based chemotherapy, is a standard treatment for locally advanced disease (2). Although molecular targeted drugs such as cetuximab have been developed, they are mostly administered to patients with advanced disease (2). Despite the aforementioned treatment options, resistance and tumor recurrence remain a major concern. The assessment of treatment response is often based on a combination of clinical examinations and functional-anatomical imaging with positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane cell surface receptor that is found mainly in cells of epithelial origin (3,4). The amplification and overexpression of the EGFR gene are frequent events in HNSCC making it a suitable candidate for targeted therapy (3). The monoclonal antibody cetuximab (Erbitux®) reversibly binds the ligand site (with greater affinity than natural ligands) thereby blocking and preventing the activation of EGFR. This antibody has been approved for the treatment of advanced HNSCC (4).

Altered cell metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and has been shown to negatively influence treatment outcomes in various types of solid tumors including HNSCC (5,6). Several oncoproteins (such as Akt, Myc and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) and oncogenic signaling pathways (such as the P13K/Akt/mTOR pathway) directly regulate important elements of the metabolic network (7). Furthermore, specific metabolic signatures have been associated with acquired EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance and an aggressive growth pattern in HNSCC in vitro and in vivo models (7). Therefore, metabolic imaging serves an important role in translating results from pre-clinical studies to humans. Functional imaging with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) and PET measures metabolic activity in tumors and is an important tool for the staging, treatment planning and follow-up of patients with HNSCC treated with radiation or definitive chemoradiation (8).

FDG is transported into cells via glucose transporters and, of the multiple glucose transporters, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is the most common mediator for glucose uptake (9). This rapid uptake of glucose by GLUT1 promotes cell survival and proliferation and is predominately sustained by hexokinase 2, which is also a regulator of the glucose metabolism (9). GLUT1 is a membrane protein that enables the cellular uptake of glucose through the plasma membrane and has been found to be overexpressed in a number of tumor types, including HNSCC (10–12). Furthermore, in HNSCC EGFR TKI-resistant xenografts, lactate build-up is associated with increased expression of GLUT1 (9).

The identification of cellular prognostic and predictive markers may provide personalized therapeutic cancer treatments (8). Quantitative measurements of changes in cell metabolism could be used to identify markers for treatment response in established cell lines of HNSCC. Therefore, quantitative changes in cell metabolism, together with other cellular characteristics, such as proliferation parameters and metabolic markers, are believed to be a valuable model for the identification of prognosis and treatment response markers (8).

The aim of present study was to develop an in vitro method for measurement of intracellular 18F-FDG with gamma spectrometry and with this, to investigate if 18F-FDG cellular uptake and GLUT1 expression are associated with treatment response in HNSCC cell lines. Furthermore, the potential to compare 18F-FDG uptake in in vitro and in vivo studies via gamma spectrometry and PET/CT may further assist the transition from pre-clinical experiments to early clinical tests and clinical routine to monitor treatment response.

Materials and methods

Cells and culture conditions

A total of six HNSCC cell lines were used in the current study, three (UT-SCC-2, UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-45) cell lines from the University of Turku (gifted by professor Reidar Grenman) and three cell lines (LK0412, LK0626 and LK0858), which were previously established at the University of Linköping (13) (Table I). Normal oral keratinocytes (NOK) were also used. All cell lines were derived from the tissue of patients diagnosed with HNSCC. The cell lines were selected due to their different intrinsic sensitivity for radiation or cetuximab (Table I) (13,14).

Table I. Origin and tumor characteristics of the investigated cell lines.

Table I.

Origin and tumor characteristics of the investigated cell lines.

Cell line	Primary tumor location	TNM	Sex	IR	ICmabS
LK0412	Tongue	T1N0M0	F	0.63
LK0626	Gingiva	T2N0M0	M	0.48
LK0858	Tongue	T3N0M0	F	0.73
UT-SCC-2	Floor of the mouth	T4N1M0	M		0.96
UT-SCC-14	Tongue	T3N1M0	M		0.14
UT-SCC-45	Floor of the mouth	T3N1M0	M		0.73

[i] TNM, Tumor Node Metastasis classification according to the International Union against Cancer; IR, intrinsic radiosensitivity (surviving fraction at 2 Gy); ICmabS, intrinsic cetuximab sensitivity (12,13,16).

The UT-SCC cell lines were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 1% non-essential amino acids, 50 IU/ml penicillin, 50 µg/ml streptomycin and 10% FBS (all from Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The LK cell lines were cultured in keratinocyte-serum free medium (SFM) supplemented with antibiotics (50 IU/ml penicillin and 50 µg/ml streptomycin) and 10% FBS (all Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The cells received fresh culture media twice a week and were subcultured until ~90% confluence after detaching the cells with 0.25% trypsin + 0.02% EDTA. Cultures in passages of 10 to 25 were used in all experiments. Cells were screened periodically for mycoplasma contamination using DAPI staining and/or the Universal Mycoplasma Detection kit (American Type Culture Collection).

NOK cells were established and cultured as previously described (15). Biopsies were harvested during benign surgery in the oral cavity (Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Östergötland) mostly via tonsillectomies and contained non-keratinized squamous cell epithelium (approved by the Linköping University Ethical Committee; diary no. M156-05). Primary keratinocyte cultures were derived from trypsin-digested tissue and cultured in keratinocyte-SFM supplemented with antibiotics (50 IU/ml penicillin and 50 µg/ml streptomycin) in culture flasks pre-coated with fibronectin and collagen for 4 h at 37°C. Medium was replaced every three days and cells were subcultured to ~75% confluence using 0.25% trypsin + 0.02% EDTA. Cultures were stored at −150°C. In the present study, NOK from two patients in passages two and three were used for subsequent analyses.

Assessment of metabolic changes by 18F-FDG measurements

The study protocol was determined after evaluating cellsseeded at a density of 5,000 to 40,000 cells/cm2 in Petri dishes with an area of 21 cm2, 24 h prior to the administration of 0.5 to 40 megabecquerel (MBq) 18F FDG solution (incubation times between 15 min and 3 h). The resulting protocol stated below accounts for cell growth, as well as for the saturation of measured intracellular uptake seen in incubation time and administrated activity.

For the experiments, cells were seeded into Petri dishes at densities of 15×103 to 30×103 cells/cm2, depending on the plating efficiency of each cell line (70–80% confluent at the start of the experiments). After cetuximab treatment (24 and 48 h) or radiation (24 or 72 h), cells were starved in PBS for ~1 h, and 1 ml 18F-FDG solution (2.0±0.12 MBq/ml) was added. After 60 min, glucose accumulation was stopped by removing the 18F-FDG solution and thereafter, rinsing the Petri dishes three times with PBS. The intracellular uptake of 18F-FDG was measured using a high purity germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometer (GS) coupled with a multi-channel analyzer (ORTEC B.V). All cell samples were measured in the same geometry for a real-time acquisition of 120 sec, and the registered death time was <5% for all measurements. The intracellular uptake of each Petri dish was calculated from the net count of the 511 kiloelectron-volts (keV) photo peak in the spectrum obtained using GammaVision™ software (7.02.11; ORTEC B.V). The uptake was decay corrected to the time of administration to minimize any time differences between administration and measurement for each batch of cell sample. The remaining intracellular activity in each Petri dish was derived by dividing the total registered number of counts in the photo peak of the acquired gamma spectrum with the acquisition time and the spectrometer source energy peak efficiency factor [1,088±0.07 counts/kilobecquerel (kBq)]. The efficiency factor was obtained from five Petri dish calibration samples of 20 MBq 18F measured in the spectrometer during decay from 3,000 to 25 kBq in the same experimental geometry with an overall uncertainty <3.0%. In addition to the GS measurement, LK626 and LK0412 cell samples in the same conditions as for the GS measurements were stacked and placed in a clinical PET/CT system (Discovery 710; GE Healthcare), as shown in Fig. 1. Images were obtained for one bed position and a bed time of 120 sec. Quantification of 18F-FDG uptake was calculated using regions of interest (ROI) over each Petri dish after iterative reconstruction with a standard ordered subsets expectation maximum (OSEM) algorithm of 3 iterations and 18 subsets, Gaussian post filter (full width at half maximum=5.5 mm) and point-spread function (PSF), time-of-flight (TOF) corrections. The quantification steps are illustrated in Fig. S1. The remaining intracellular activity in each Petri dish was derived by dividing the total registered number of counts per sec in the ROI with the acquisition time and the PET-system efficiency factor (33.47±1,048 counts/kBq) derived for this specific measurement. The PET/CT acquisition enables measurements of photon emission per monolayer culture or image voxel to be determined in a single bed for the entire set of Petri dishes and have the possibility to be an accessible method to evaluate treatment sensitivity, drug resistance and therapy response for a large batch in a single acquisition.

Figure 1. Measurement of 18F-FDG intracellular uptake in cell monolayers grown in Petri dishes and placed in a clinical PET/CT scanner. The CT image (left) and PET image (right) of a batch containing ten cell cultures. 18F-FDG, 18F-fluoro-2deoxy-D-glucose; PET, positron emission tomography; CT, computed tomography.

The current study assessed the glucose uptake changes in HNSCC cells after radiation and cetuximab treatment, where selected cells were irradiated [4 gray (Gy)] with 4 megaelectron volts photons generated by a linear accelerator (Clinac 4/100; Varian Medical Systems, Inc.), delivering a dose-rate of 2.0 Gy/min or treated with cetuximab (Erbitux®; 60 nM, Merck KGaA). After a further 24 or 48 h, 18F-FDG solution was added and its uptake was measured as described above. The cells were scraped and collected in test tubes, and the protein concentration of each sample was determined using a DC Protein Assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.).

Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)

The mRNA expression of GLUT1 was analyzed using RT-qPCR on a 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Total RNA was extracted from cells treated with cetuximab (UT-SCC-2, UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-45) using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen AB) and cDNA was synthesized (37°C for 60 min, 95°C for 5 min and cooling to 4°C) using the high capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). TaqMan gene expression assays from Applied Biosystems® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc) were used for the PCR amplification of GLUT1 (assay ID, Hs00892681_m1; cat. no. 4331182) and two reference genes, GAPDH (assay ID, Hs02758991_g1; cat. no. 4331182) and β-actin (assay ID, Hs99999903_ m1; cat. no. 4331182). The expression levels of GAPDH and β-actin were used as internal standards. Briefly, the amplification reactions were carried out in 20 µl final volume containing 10 ng cDNA, 1 µl TaqMan gene expression assay, 10 µl TaqMan gene expression master mix and water. The PCR conditions were as follows: 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 60 sec. The comparative Cq method was applied to determine the n-fold difference in expression levels relative to calibrator sample (untreated cells) (16).

Statistical analysis

All data are expressed as the mean ± SD from three or more independent experiments. Data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. IBM SPSS statistics v22 (IBM Corporation) was used for all statistical analyses. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Quantitative measurements of glucose uptake with FDG

To establish a method for quantitative measurements of glucose uptake in cultured HNSCC cells and NOKs, the radiolabeled glucose analog, 18F-FDG, was administrated to cells and its intracellular uptake was measured via gamma spectrometry. The study protocol was developed in order to maximize the glucose uptake differences between different cell lines, as well as between radiated cells and non-radiated controls. To establish a protocol, different parameters including starvation, administrated activity (0.5–40 MBq 18F-FDG solution), incubation time and rinsing time were investigated for cell line LK0412. The results (data not shown) demonstrated that the uptake of 18F-FDG increased linearly with cell number and administered activity. However, the number of counts per MBq at a cell line specific density reached a saturation level for administered activity above 2 MBq/Petri dish due to dead time limitations of the spectrometer. The uptake was highest during the first 60 min of incubation and the saturation level was reached after 60 to 120 min depending on the number of the cells. The ~60 min incubation time also corresponds to the well-established standard waiting time between injection of 18F-FDG and PET image acquisition for clinical PET oncology examinations. The favored protocol consisted of a starvation time with PBS of 1–2 h, a cell line specific cell-seeding, an administrated activity of 2.0 MBq 18F-FDG in 1 ml of PBS and an incubation time of 60 min.

Differences in glucose uptake in HNSCC after radiation

To investigate if the radiation sensitivity of tumor cells and NOKs could be predicted by measuring changes in glucose uptake, the radiolabeled glucose analog F18-FDG was quantitatively analyzed via gamma spectrometry before and 72 h after radiation treatment (4 Gy). HNSCC cell lines LK0412 and LK0858 with different radiosensitivities (Table I; surviving fraction at 2 Gy) (13) and NOKs were investigated. A significant decrease in metabolic activity was measured after radiation in the more radiosensitive cell line, LK0412 and in NOK (Fig. 2). No differences in morphology were observed between control cells and radiated cells (data not shown) and all data were normalized to the amount of protein in each Petri dish.

Figure 2. Quantification of glucose uptake following radiation of two head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (LK0412 and LK0858) and NOKs. Cells were cultured for 24 h prior to radiation treatment with 4 Gy, and 72 h later, 2 MBq 18F-FDG was added for 60 min. Values represent intracellular activity (FDG uptake)/mg protein relative to controls (mean ± SD; n=5). A significant decrease in FDG uptake was measured following radiation in the radiosensitive cell line LK0412 and in NOK compared with untreated cells. Data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's adjustment; *P<0.05 vs. control. NOKs, normal oral keratinocytes; 18F-FDG, 18F-fluoro-2deoxy-D-glucose; cont, control; rad, radiation; MBq, megabecquerel; Gy, gray.

Differences in glucose uptake in HNSCC after treatment with cetuximab

To investigate if cell sensitivity to cetuximab could be predicted by measuring intracellular glucose uptake, F18-FDG was quantitatively analyzed via gamma spectrometry. The dose of cetuximab (60 nM) was chosen from previous experiments (14,17). The glucose uptake of UT-SCC-14, UT-SCC-45 and UT-SCC-2 HNSCC cell lines with different cetuximab sensitivities (14,17) (Table I) was assessed before and after 24 and 48 h of cetuximab treatment. After 24 h, a significantly decreased uptake of F18-FDG was determined in the most sensitive cell line UT-SCC-14, when compared with the most resistant cell line, UT-SCC-2. Furthermore, significant differences were also observed between UT-SCC-2 (24 h) cells and the middle sensitive cell line, UT-SCC-45 (Fig. 3); no significant differences were observed after 48 h.

Figure 3. Quantification of glucose uptake in untreated and cetuximab treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (UT-SCC-2, UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-45). Cells were cultured for 24 h prior to treatment with cetuximab (60 nM). and 24 or 48 h later, 2 MBq 18F-FDG was added for 60 min, and intracellular activities were measured with a high purity germanium solid state photon detector. Values represent intracellular activity (FDG uptake)/mg protein relative to controls (mean ± SD; n=5). Following 24-h cetuximab treatment, a significantly decreased uptake of F18-FDG was observed in the most sensitive cell line UT-SCC-14 and in the moderately sensitive cell line UT-SCC-45 compared with the most resistant cell line UT-SCC-2. Data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's adjustment; *P<0.05 vs. UT-SCC-2. 18F-FDG, 18F-fluoro-2deoxy-D-glucose; MBq, megabecquerel.

Changes in GLUT1 mRNA expression after cetuximab treatment

To investigate the association between GLUT1 expression and F18-FDG uptake in cell lines possessing diverse intrinsic sensitivities to cetuximab (UT-SCC- 2, UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-45), the mRNA expression of GLUT1 was determined via RT-qPCR prior to and following 60 nM cetuximab treatment. After 24 and 48 h cetuximab treatment, the expression of GLUT1 was significantly increased in UT-SCC-14 and to a lesser extent in UT-SCC-45 cells. Moreover, after 24 and 48 h of cetuximab treatment, differences in GLUT1 mRNA expression pattern were identified between the cell lines (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. mRNA expression of GLUT1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells (UT-SCC-2, UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-45) following exposure to 60 nM cetuximab for 24 and 48 h. The expression of GLUT1 was significantly increased following 24- and 48-h cetuximab treatment in UT-SCC-14 and, to a lesser extent, UT-SCC-45 cells compared with untreated control cells. Data were normalized to untreated cells for each cell line (mean ± SD; n=3). Data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni adjustment; *P<0.05 vs. control. GLUT1, glucose transporter 1.

Comparison between gamma spectrometry and PET measurement of FDG uptake

The quantification of glucose uptake for LK0412 and LK0626 HNSCC cell lines with different radiation sensitivities (13) was compared via gamma spectrometry and PET/CT imaging to estimate early response (24 h) after radiation (4 Gy). The source full energy peak efficiency factor (counts/kBq) was derived for both the PET-system and the HPGe gamma detector by measuring the counts in the photo peak 511 keV (PET ± 10%; HPGe ± 1%) from an in-house calibrated sample in a fixed geometry during decay from 3 MBq to 25 kBq.

Each method was able to distinguish the relative difference in 18F-FDG uptake between the two cell lines. The mean difference uptake and standard deviation was 280±39.5 kBq (PET-system) and 314±11.4 kBq (HPGe detector) for controls and radiated samples obtained subsequently under same conditions (Fig. 5). For the more radiation-sensitive cell line LK0626, the two methods could clearly identify the irradiated dishes from the controls (GS, non-irradiated 231±3.4 kBq and irradiated 172±7.2 kBq; and PET/CT, non-irradiated 227±13.0 kBq and irradiated 166±10.2 kBq) (Fig. 5). For the less sensitive cell line LK0412, the spectrometry measurement was more sensitive with less variation (non-irradiated 546±9.2 kBq and irradiated 485±10.3 kBq) compared with the PET/CT measurement (non-irradiated 505±22.6 kBq and irradiated 447±57.3 kBq) (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Intracellular uptake of 18F-FDG in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (LK0412 and LK0626), as determined via gamma spectrometry (black) and PET/CT (gray). Cells were cultured for 24 h prior to radiation treatment with 4 Gy and cultured for an additional 24 h prior to the addition of 2 MBq 18F-FDG for 60 min, intracellular activities were measured with a high purity germanium solid state photon detector and a clinical PET/CT system. The values were decay corrected to the reference time of 18F-FDG administration. The graph represents one of two experiments with 5 Petri dishes in each group (mean ± SD; n=5). 18F-FDG, 18F-fluoro-2deoxy-D-glucose; PET, positron emission tomography; CT, computed tomography; Rad, radiation; kBq, kilobecquerel.

Discussion

Cancer cells require a large quantity of glucose for growth and proliferation, and changes in cell metabolism are thought to impact treatment response but to various extents in different types of tumor. The assessment of glucose metabolism may represent a method to determine intracellular metabolic activity. Increased uptake of FDG observed in mammary tumor cells has been revealed to directly indicate a higher glucose metabolic rate (18). Furthermore, high uptake of FDG has been associated with poor prognosis (19). The main aim of the current study was to develop a reliable method for measuring 18F-FDG cellular uptake. Therefore, a method for the in vitro measurement of glucose uptake was established using a gamma spectrometer. Whether the intracellular uptake of 18F-FDG could be used as a reliable predictive marker for radiotherapy and cetuximab responses was determined.

Gamma spectrometry is a non-invasive technique that is used to measure electromagnetic radiation in the gamma spectrum of radioactive sources present in a sample; quantitative analyses are performed by counting and measuring the energy of individual photons emitted from radioactive elements present in the sample (20). Currently, the use of high resolution HPGe detectors in gamma spectrometry is the most common strategy for the identification and quantification of gamma emitting radionuclides in samples (20). By comparing the results from gamma spectrometry with those of a clinical PET/CT scanner for two cell lines (LK0412 and LK0626), the current study demonstrated that the differences in uptake values between radiated cells and controls were comparable between the two methods. The slightly higher variance of the quantitative results obtained with PET/CT indicated that the reconstruction correction factors for attenuation, scatter and the specific measurement geometry with low background need to be further evaluated and optimized for reconstruction parameter settings, scatter and attenuation correction strategies. A significant association for individual cell measurements between the two methods would be a strong indicator for the accurate comparison between gamma spectrometry and PET/CT measurements, the results of which may improve the evaluation process for batch measurements. A clinical PET/CT scanner may use up to 360 Petri dishes to produce a single PET acquisition of 4 min. For a GS or a scintillation detector, this would be time consuming and cumbersome, as the accumulated acquisition time would be >720 min and the measurements would need to account for activity decay and variation in count statistics due to the short half-life of 109.7 min for 18F. The use of a PET/CT scanner also aids the translation of data from in vitro cell studies to the clinical assessment of individual treatment responses in vivo. The sensitivity and specificity of 18F-FDG-PET in a clinical setting is well established and have been shown to be >90% for a number of investigation and lesion sizes (21,22). Investigations and optimization of the PET acquisition settings, reconstruction parameters and correction methods for the Petri dish matrix will be required to further improve results with increased accuracy and less variation. In the present study, the standard OSEM reconstruction algorithm with PSF and TOF corrections was used but without any attenuation correction. Novel, more advanced reconstruction methods with improved signal-to-noise ratios such as Bayesian penalized likelihood reconstruction was also tested in the present study, but induced a higher variability in the measurements and streak artifacts in the image when attenuation correction was applied. Further studies are required to optimize and standardize acquisition and reconstruction parameter settings for batch measurements of in vitro samples with a clinical PET/CT system.

The results of a previous study indicated that a high maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of FDG from PET/CT measurements predicts a poor prognosis in laryngeal cancer (23). Furthermore, the study revealed an association between high SUVmax and an increased expression of GLUT1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), PI3K and phosphorylated-AKT. Yamada et al (24) also demonstrated that the uptake of FDG was associated with GLUT1 and HIF-1α expression in early stage oral squamous cell carcinomas. However, it has also been revealed that 18F-FDG uptake in HNSCC xenografts might not reflect the level of metabolic activity (hexokinase II and thymidine kinase-1 protein levels) (25).

The current study utilized three cell lines with different intrinsic radiation sensitivities and three cell lines with different intrinsic cetuximab sensitivities (13,14,17). The results revealed that after radiotherapy and cetuximab treatment, a decrease in 18F-FDG uptake was observed, which was most prominent in the most sensitive cell lines LK0626, LK0412 and UT-SCC-14. It has been reported that the SUVmax is associated with the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (26). Furthermore, an increased sensitivity to radiation has been associated with GLUT1 downregulation in laryngeal carcinoma xenografts; however, no significant association between GLUT1 or HIF-1α expression and 18F-FDG uptake was found (27). The present study identified a significant increase in GLUT1 mRNA expression following 24 h exposure to cetuximab in the sensitive cell line UT-SCC-14, which was not associated with increased 18F-FDG uptake. In HNSCC tumors, GLUT1 has been revealed to be directly associated with the degree of hypoxia (28). A previous study recently determined that hypoxia and HIF-1α impact the sensitivity to cetuximab in HNSCC (29). However, the connection to GLUT1 and FDG uptake requires further elucidation.

To clarify the impact of FDG uptake on cell responses to cetuximab treatment, in vivo investigations must be performed. In vivo models combined with metabolic, pre-clinical small animal imaging will provide an increased possibility to translate results from in vitro models into clinical practice. In contrast to cell or tissue culture-based experiments, animal studies incorporate interacting physiological factors present in a complex living system, thereby providing quantitative, spatially and temporally-indexed information on normal and diseased tissues to monitor disease progression or treatment response over a period of time (30). Our in vitro results are a first step to determine if GS and PET/CT analysis can be used for evaluating treatment response. In the future, treatment response evaluation may be important in determining personalized treatments for patients with HNSCC.

In summary, the current study developed a novel and reliable method for the measurement of intracellular 18F-FDG in HNSCC cell lines. Furthermore, it was determined that PET/CT may be used for the measurement of high sample numbers with a satisfactory result compared with gamma spectrometry. The results also indicated that 18F-FDG uptake can be assessed in an in vitro model via gamma spectrometry and a clinical PET/CT system and has an association with cetuximab and radiation treatment responses.

Supplementary Material

Supporting Data

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Professor Reidar Grenman (University of Turku, Turku, Finland) for providing the UT-SCC cell lines.

Funding

This study was supported by The Swedish Cancer Society (grant nos. 2010/545 and 2017/301), ALF Grants, Region Östergötland and the Research Funds of Linköping University Hospital.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

KR and MR designed the experiment. NM, MR, EW and KR performed the experiment. NM, EW and MR analyzed the data. NM, MR, EW and KR wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study has been performed under general approval from the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority allowing Linköping University Hospital to handle and use radioactive substances (approval no. Cm-016-10143 SSM 2016-4467). Collection of normal oral tissue was approved by the Linköping University Ethical Committee (approval no. M156-05). Signed informed consent was obtained from all the patients.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References