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Introduction

In July 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer published the new edition of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Endocrine Organ Tumor Classification as an update to the 2004 WHO Endocrine Organ Pathology and Genetic Tumor Classification (1,2). The new edition reflects the latest developments in research in this field over the past 13 years.

The current World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours or pituitary adenomas is based on pituitary cell lineages defined by the immunohistochemical expression of anterior pituitary hormones and pituitary specific transcription factors (TFs) in tumour cells (2). The transcription factors regulating differentiation of the hormone producing adenohypophysial cells have been known for a long time (3–7). However, their practical immunohistochemical application has only recently been introduced (2), enabling more precise classification of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) with sparse or no hormone expression. Pituitary transcription factor 1 (Pit-1) governs the differentiation of somatotroph, lactotroph and thyrotroph cells and is preserved in tumours derived from these cell types (2). T-box family member TBX19 (T-Pit) acts as a TF for corticotroph cells (6) and is a marker of corticotroph pituitary tumours (8,9). Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) determines development of gonadotroph cells (4) and is also expressed in gonadotroph PitNETs (3). By contrast to Pit-1 and T-Pit, which are specific to the anterior pituitary, SF-1 is also active in the adrenal glands and reproductive system (10). Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is other TF not limited to the pituitary gland that influence the differentiation of gonadothroph, lactotroph and thyrotroph cells and are expressed in pituitary tumours originating from these cells (11). According to their expression of adenohypophysial hormones and pituitary-associated transcription factors, Pit −1, SF −1 and T -Pit, PitNETs can be divided into six categories (somatotroph, lactotroph, thyrotroph, corticotroph, gonadotroph and plurihormonal tumours). Each of the tumours may result in metabolic disorders due to hypersecretion of anterior pituitary hormones, or behave as non-functioning or hormonally silent tumours, resulting in pituitary insufficiency and/or other symptoms associated with the intrasellar tumour mass (2). However, ~80% of clinically non-functioning or silent pituitary tumours are of the gonadotroph subtype, expressing follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and/or luteinising hormone (LH), corticotroph tumours are the second most prevalent and the other hormonal subtypes are rarely reported (12). Hormonally inactive sellar tumours, negative for both anterior pituitary hormones and pituitary-specific TFs, are designated null cell adenomas (2). Occasionally, pituitary tumours are composed of two or even three distinct components, consistent with double or triple adenomas (13).

Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a relatively common intracranial tumour, with the incidence being third only to meningioma and glioma, accounting for 10–16.7% of all intracranial tumours in an epidemiological study of the UK population (14,15). In autopsy cases, the incidence of PA is 3.2–27% (15). As PAs occur in the adenohypophysis cells that secrete functional hormones (such as somatotroph, lactotroph, thyrotroph and corticotroph adenomas), the majority of clinical symptoms manifest as endocrine system symptoms (such as acromegaly, amenorrhea, lactation, Cushing's syndrome and hyperthyroidism), and some patients experience compression symptoms (such as hypopituitarism, headache, dizziness and visual field changes) (14). Although PA is a benign tumour, it can show invasive biological characteristics, pituitary apoplexy and recurrence. In the new 2017 edition of the WHO guidelines, PAs and their histological grading were reclassified into adenohypophysis cell lines, which can be diagnosed by pituitary hormones, pituitary-specific transcription factors and immunohistochemistry (IHC) features, without complicated and expensive ultrastructural analysis used in the 2004 edition of the guidelines.

Few studies on the clinical and pathological features of PAs have been conducted using the 2017 WHO classification guidelines (16–18). Therefore the present study retrospectively analysed the clinical and pathological data of 250 patients classified with PAs using the 2017 WHO guidelines, that were surgically resected and confirmed by pathology in Tianjin Huanhu Hospital (Tianjin, China).

Materials and methods

Patient selection

Patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of PA were identified from the electronic medical records system of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital (Tianjin, China), and those with incomplete clinical and radiological data were excluded. Overall, 250 patients were included, and all underwent surgery between November 2017 and November 2018 in the Department of Neurosurgery in Tianjin Huanhu Hospital. Patient information, such as sex, age at diagnosis, clinical manifestation and relevant medical events was retrospectively collected. Any information that might reveal the identity of the patient was removed before analysis. This study was ethically approved by the Tianjin Huanhu Hospital Ethics Committee of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to the study.

Histopathological evaluation

All biological specimens were sliced into 5 µm sections and fixed with formalin (37%) at 26°C and embedded in paraffin for further pathological diagnosis. The block was incubated in an oven at 45°C for 20 min to allow complete embedding of the grafted tissue cylinders in the paraffin of the recipient block, and then stored at 4°C until microtome sectioning. Tumor slices were verified using routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining at 80°C for 30 min and further IHC staining with specific antibodies for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; prediluted; cat. no. ZM-0114), luteinizing hormone (LH; prediluted; cat. no. ZA-0344), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; prediluted; cat. no. ZA-0640), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; prediluted; cat. no. ZM-0004), growth hormone (GH; prediluted; cat. no. ZA-0531), and prolactin (PRL; prediluted; cat. no. ZA-0596) (all OriGene Technologies, Inc.). The antibodies were incubated at a dilution of 1:200 (37°C for 2 h). Endogenous peroxidase was inhibited by incubation with freshly prepared 3% hydrogen peroxide with 0.1% sodium azide. Tissues were incubated with biotinylated antibodies (prediluted; anti-mouse; cat. no. AP31512BT-N) and horseradish peroxidase (prediluted; anti-mouse; cat. no. AM06196SU-N) at 37°C for 1.5 h. Staining was conducted using diaminobenzidine substrate and sections were counterstained with hematoxylin at 37°C for 15 min (all OriGene Technologies, Inc.) Slides were scored by two pathologists who were blinded to the patients' characteristics.

According to the 2017 edition of the WHO guidelines, PAs were categorized into somatotroph, lactotroph, corticotroph, gonadotroph, null cell and plurihormonal adenomas (2). High-risk PA subtypes included sparsely granulated somatotroph adenoma, lactotroph adenoma in men, silent corticotroph adenoma, and Crooke's cell adenoma. For Ki-67 staining, the following methods were used in the present study: Immunohistochemical staining was conducted (as above), and the cells that stained positive for the nuclear antigen Ki-67 (prediluted; cat. no. ZA-0502; OriGene Technologies, Inc.) were visually and quantitatively evaluated under a light microscope (magnification, ×400). The Ki-67 percentage score was defined as the percentage of positively-stained tumour cells among the total number of cells assessed (19). Additionally, only positive staining was of interest, independent of the intensity of coloration.

Neuroradiological evaluation

All patients underwent pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using standard 3.0 T scanners, including T1-weighted and T2-weighted 2 mm sagittal and coronal scans with contrast enhancement. Invasion of the cavernous sinus was notably higher for grades 3 or 4 on the Knosp classification (20). Sphenoid sinus invasion was defined as lesions growing into the sphenoid sinus on preoperative MRI or with visual confirmation during the surgical procedure (21). Therefore, an invasive PA was considered in tumours with cavernous sinus or sphenoid sinus invasion. According to the 2017 edition of the WHO guidelines, the term ‘invasive (aggressive)’ has been used by clinicians to designate radiologically invasive adenomas, which grow rapidly, tend to recur or progress, and are resistant to combined treatment including surgery and radiation (22). The degree of surgical resection was determined using MRI examinations within 3 days of and at 3 months after the initial surgery. Follow-up MRI was performed annually (or on the return of symptoms) to determine whether there is recurrence.

Recurrence

MRI of the pituitary for surgical follow-up was performed 6 months after the surgical procedure. Recurrence was defined as progression of a residual tumour or new tumour growth after total resection. Endocrine examinations (1 month, 3 month, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively) were performed to assess the reappearance of hormonal hypersecretion after normalization. Clinical symptoms that were monitored include the reappearance of tumour compression or endocrine symptoms after surgery.

Pituitary apoplexy

Patients were monitored for pituitary apoplexy for two weeks preoperatively via observation of the following: i) Typical clinical symptoms, including severe headaches, nausea and vomiting, and visual disorders; ii) signs of haemorrhage on computed tomography or MRI scans; and iii) intraoperative findings indicative of a haemorrhagic focus in the tumour (23).

Statistical analysis

SPSS v19.0 statistical software (IBM Corp.) was used for data analysis. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The association between the Ki-67 indexes was statistically analysed using the paired Student's t-test. Fisher's exact test was used for comparisons of categorical variables, and paired Student's t-test were used for continuous variables. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Patient and tumour characteristics

A total of 250 patients were included, comprising 106 males (42.4%) and 144 females (57.6%), with a male-to-female ratio of 0.74:1. The mean age of all patients was 51.71±12.87 years, the mean age of the male patients was 52.02±13.95 years, and the mean age of the female patients was 51.49±12.06 years. The PAs in the present study predominantly manifested as compression symptoms, especially gonadotropin adenomas (80.6%), corticotroph adenomas (78.8%) and lactotroph adenomas (69.2%). Based on the most recent histopathological classification, patients most frequently had gonadotropin adenomas (n=93; 37.2%), followed by corticotroph adenomas (n=61; 24.4%), somatotroph adenomas (n=45; 18.0%), lactotroph adenomas (n=26; 10.4%), null cell adenomas (n=15 cases; 6.0%) and plurihormonal adenomas (n=9; 3.6%), and one patient had a thyrotroph adenoma (n=1; 0.4%). Details of each classification and subtype are listed in Tables I–III. Immunohistochemical and Ki-67 staining of different types of pituitary adenoma are exhibited in Figs. 1 and 2.

Figure 1. Immunohistochemical staining of different types of pituitary adenomas. Each image is representative of a different tumour type. Representative images of (A) follicle-stimulating hormone, (B) luteinizing hormone, (C) thyroid-stimulating hormone, (D) adrenocorticotropic hormone, (E) growth hormone and (F) prolactin.

Figure 2. Ki-67 staining was performed on the adrenocorticotropic hormone of pituitary adenoma tissues. The Ki-67 percentage score is defined as the percentage of positively stained tumour cells among the total number of malignant cells assessed. The dark brown stain indicates Ki-67 (+).

Table I. Classification of the 250 patients with pituitary adenoma (Percentage of Somatotroph adenomas patients in total male pituitary adenomas).

Table I.

Classification of the 250 patients with pituitary adenoma (Percentage of Somatotroph adenomas patients in total male pituitary adenomas).

Adenoma subtype	Total number, n	Total percentage	Number of Males, n	Percentage of total males, %	Number of females, n	Percentage of total females
Somatotroph adenomas	45	18.0	15	14.2%	30	20.8%
Densely granulated	15	6.0	–	–	–	–
Sparsely granulated	17	6.8	–	–	–	–
Mixed somatotroph-lactotroph	13	5.2	–	–	–	–
Lactotroph adenomas	26	10.4	11	10.4%	15	10.4%
Densely granulated	19	7.6	–	–	–	–
Sparsely granulated	7	2.8	–	–	–	–
Thyrotroph Adenoma	1	0.4	0	0	1	0.7%
Corticotroph adenomas	61	24.4	5	4.7%	56	38.9%
Gonadotropin adenomas	93	37.2	62	58.5%	31	21.5%
Plurihormonal adenomas	9	3.6	4	3.8%	5	3.5%
PIT-1 positive	3	1.2	–	–	–	–
Other types	6	2.4	–	–	–	–
Null cell adenoma	15	6.0	9	8.5%	6	4.2%

Table III. Distribution of high-risk pituitary adenoma types.

Table III.

Distribution of high-risk pituitary adenoma types.

Tumour types	Total number, n	Number of males, n	Number of females, n
Sparsely granulated somatotroph adenoma	17	5	12
Lactotroph adenoma in men	11	11	0
Plurihormonal PIT-1-positive adenoma	3	0	3
Silent corticotroph adenoma	42	3	39
Crooke's cell adenoma	0	0	0

Sex and age distribution of patients with different types of PAs

In terms of sex distribution, somatotroph adenomas and corticotroph adenomas were observed most often in female patients, while gonadotropin adenomas were mostly observed in male patients. In terms of age distribution, the age groups between 21 and 60 years accounted for 72% of all patients, and the overall incidence peak of the various types of PAs was between 41 and 60 years. The details are exhibited in Figs. 3 and 4.

Figure 3. Sex distribution of patients with different types of pituitary adenomas. somatotroph adenoma and corticotroph adenoma were observed most often in female patients, while gonadotropin adenomas were mostly in male patients. GH, somatotroph adenoma; PRL, lactotroph adenoma; ACTH, corticotroph adenoma; TSH, thyrotroph adenoma; NULL, null cell adenoma; MULTI, plurihormonal adenoma.

Figure 4. Prevalence of patients with different types of pituitary adenomas in different age groups. The age groups encompassing patients aged between 21 and 60 years old accounted for 72% of all patients, and the overall peak incidence of different types of pituitary adenoma was between 41 and 60 years old. GH, somatotroph adenoma; PRL, lactotroph adenoma; ACTH, corticotroph adenoma; TSH, thyrotroph adenoma; NULL, null cell adenoma; MULTI, plurihormonal adenoma.

Clinical manifestations of different types of PAs

A total of 26 patients (10.4%) in the present study exhibited endocrine symptoms (increase or decrease of menstrual blood volume or changes in menstrual cycle, lactation, decreased sexual function and acromegaly), 180 patients (72.0%) exhibited compressive symptoms (headache, dizziness and decreased vision), 11 patients (4.4%) exhibited both endocrine symptoms and tumour compression symptoms, and 33 patients (13.2%) did not exhibit any obvious symptoms. The details are shown in Table IV.

Table IV. Clinical manifestations of each type of pituitary adenoma.

Table IV.

Clinical manifestations of each type of pituitary adenoma.

Adenoma type	Endocrine symptoms, n (%)	Tumor mass effects, n (%)	Both, n (%)	No symptoms (%)
Somatotroph adenomas	13 (28.9)	22 (48.9)	5 (11.1)	5 (11.1)
Lactotroph adenomas	3 (11.5)	18 (69.2)	0 (0.0)	5 (19.3)
Thyrotroph Adenoma	0 (0.0)	1 (100)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Corticotroph adenomas	5 (8.2)	48 (78.8)	4 (6.5)	4 (6.5)
Gonadotropin adenomas	1 (1.1)	75 (80.6)	2 (2.2)	15 (16.1)
Plurihormonal adenomas	4 (44.4)	5 (55.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Null cell adenoma	0 (0.0)	11 (73.3)	0 (0.0)	4 (26.7)
Total	26 (10.4)	180 (72)	11 (4.4)	33 (13.2)

Comparison of the incidence of invasion, recurrence and apoplexy between high-risk and low-risk PAs

A significant difference in the incidence of invasive PAs was found. The incidence of invasive PAs in the high-risk group was higher compared with that in the low-risk group (χ2=60.627; P<0.001). In addition, the recurrence rate of high-risk PAs was higher compared with that in low-risk PAs (χ2=67.903; P<0.001). Finally, the incidence of pituitary apoplexy was significantly higher in the high-risk group compared with that in the low-risk group (χ2=38.942; P<0.001). The details are shown in Table V [WHO Classification of Tumors of Endocrine Organs (2017) clarified 5 high risk pituitary adenomas as: Sparsely granulated somatotroph adenoma (17/250), lactotroph adenoma in men (11/250), plurihormonal PIT-1-positive adenoma (3/250), silent corticotroph adenoma (42/250) and Crooke's cell adenoma (0/250)].

Table V. Comparison of the incidence of invasion, recurrence and apoplexy between the high- and the low-risk groups.

Table V.

Comparison of the incidence of invasion, recurrence and apoplexy between the high- and the low-risk groups.

	Invasion				Recurrence				Apoplexy
Group	Total number, n	%	χ2	P-value	Total number, n	%	χ2	P-value	Total number, n	%	χ2	P-value
High-risk	21	28.8	60.627	<0.001	13	17.8	67.903	<0.001	6	8.2	38.942	<0.001
Low-risk	16	9.0	–	–	10	5.6	–	–	8	4.5	–	–

Relationship between invasive and recurrent PAs and the Ki-67 index

In the present study, there were 37 cases (14.8%) of invasive PAs and 213 cases (85.2%) of non-invasive PAs. The Ki-67 index of the invasive group was significantly higher compared with that in the non-invasive group, (t=3.268; P<0.01). There were 23 cases (9.2%) of recurrent PAs and 213 cases (90.8%) of non-recurrent PAs. The Ki-67 index of the recurrent group was significantly higher compared with that in the non-recurrent group (t=3.974; P<0.001). The details are shown in Tables VI and VII.

Table VI. Comparison of the Ki-67 index between the invasive and the non-invasive groups.

Table VI.

Comparison of the Ki-67 index between the invasive and the non-invasive groups.

	Group
Tumour type	Invasive (n=37)	Non-invasive (n=213)	t	P-value
Somatotroph adenoma	6.2±3.4	2.7±1.1	4.581	<0.001
Lactotroph adenoma	3.0±0.8	2.1±1.1	1.838	0.078
Thyrotroph adenoma	0.0	2.7	–	–
Corticotroph adenoma	3.6±1.5	2.7±1.1	2.068	0.043
Gonadotropin	2.9±1.1	2.8±1.1	0.066	0.947
Plurihormonal adenoma	4.2±1.1	2.6±1.5	1.409	0.202
Null cell adenoma	4.3±2.6	3.7±2.4	0.500	0.625
Total	3.5±1.8	2.8±1.3	3.268	0.001

[i] Data are presented as the mean ± SD.

Table VII. Comparison of the Ki-67 index between the recurrence and the non-recurrence group.

Table VII.

Comparison of the Ki-67 index between the recurrence and the non-recurrence group.

	Group
Tumour type	Recurrent (n=23)	Non-recurrent (n=227)	t	P-value
Somatotroph adenoma	4.4±1.2	2.8±1.5	1.816	0.076
Lactotroph adenoma	1.5±1.3	2.4±1.1	−1.079	0.291
Thyrotroph adenoma	0.0	2.7	–	–
Corticotroph adenoma	3.6±1.5	2.8±1.2	1.575	0.120
Gonadotropin	3.9±1.4	2.7±1.1	2.783	0.007
Plurihormonal adenoma	5.0	2.7±1.4	1.504	0.176
Null cell adenoma	10.0	3.7±1.9	3.263	0.006
Total	3.9±1.9	2.8±1.3	3.974	<0.001

Discussion

In addition to clinical symptoms, serum hormone levels and imaging examinations, the postoperative pathological diagnosis of pituitary tumours is also very important. Histopathology includes histochemical staining and IHC. In 1892, according to H&E staining, Tapar et al (24) reported that Schoneman divided PAs into chromophobe, eosinophilic, basophilic and mixed pituitary adenomas. Among them, the most common was chromophobe cellular adenoma, accounting for 75–80% of total PA diagnoses. Unfortunately, these pathological classifications cannot accurately reflect the tumour function (for example, some eosinophilic cell tumours secrete GH and some secrete PRL) (25).

The 2004 edition classified pituitary endocrine tumours into only three categories using the WHO Classification of Tumors (typical adenoma 8272/0, atypical adenoma 8272/1 and pituitary adenoma 8272/3) (25). Hormone-producing adenomas were stratified into subtypes according to their pathological immunoreactivities for the anterior hormones: ACTH, GH, PRL, TSH and FSH/LH (26).

The fourth edition of the WHO classification of tumours of the pituitary gland (2) was published in 2017, bringing several changes to the classification of tumours of the anterior pituitary gland. It introduces a more precise cell lineage-based classification using IHC based on transcription factors and hormones produced. In addition, in this new edition, anterior pituitary tumours and their histological grading are reclassified into adenohypophysis cell lines, which can be diagnosed by pituitary hormones, pituitary-specific transcription factors and standard IHC, without complicated or expensive ultrastructural analysis. For 35–45% of PAs, the surrounding structure is involved (2). The classification system collectively refers to sparsely granulated somatotroph adenoma, lactotroph adenoma in men, Crooke's cell adenoma, silent corticotroph adenoma, and plurihormonal POU class 1 homeobox 1-positive adenoma as ‘invasive adenoma’ or ‘high-risk adenoma’ (12). This type of adenoma grows rapidly, tends to recur or progress and is resistant to surgery and radiotherapy. Silent adenomas are clinically asymptomatic, have low levels of serum hormones and are immunohistochemically positive for certain hormones [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH) luteinising hormone (LH) prolactin (PRL), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)] (27). PA with definite metastasis and cerebrospinal cord dissemination is considered a carcinoma. The new edition does not include the term ‘atypical adenoma’ under pituitary adenoma and no longer recommends the concept of ‘hormone-producing pituitary adenoma’. Null cell adenoma was redefined as an adenoma composed of anterior pituitary cells, and IHC, pituitary hormone detection and transcription factor detection showed no evidence of cell-specific differentiation. The present study applies the new classification method to the diagnosis of patients.

The present study retrospectively analysed the clinical and pathological data of 250 patients with PAs using the 2017 WHO classification system. The results showed that the proportion of patients with gonadotropin adenomas was the highest of any subtype, followed by corticotroph adenomas. Moreover, thyrotroph adenoma was found to have the lowest proportion, and the proportion of null cell adenoma was lower compared with that reported previously (28). Although surgical treatment is the first choice for the majority of pituitary tumours, a number of drugs that can be used for the treatment of pituitary tumours are published in the European Guidelines (2018) (29). A consensus has been reached on the preferred drug therapy for lactotroph adenomas: First-line drugs are dopamine receptor agonists, mainly bromocriptine and cabergoline (26). Drug therapy is also important for the other three types of functional pituitary tumours and for cases in which patients are unable to undergo surgical treatment, are unwilling to undergo surgical treatment, or cannot achieve complete remission after surgery. For somatotroph adenomas, somatostatin analogues are preferred, including octreotide and landrapeptide (26). For corticotroph adenomas, clinical studies have shown that the application of parapeptide in patients with Cushing disease who do not undergo surgery can significantly reduce the level of urinary free cortisol and effectively improve the symptoms of hypercortisolism (30). Somatostatin analogues may also be preferred for patients with thyrotroph adenomas (31). Therefore, it is important to clarify the pathological properties of pituitary tumours for the drug treatment of patients with pituitary tumours. A previous study revealed that null cell adenomas, somatotroph adenomas and lactotroph adenomas are more common (P<0.01) (32). As the 2017 classification standard was adopted in the current study, the number of cases of gonadotropin adenoma and corticotroph adenoma was increased due to the recognition of partially stationary PAs in non-functional adenomas. The classification of PAs in the 2004 edition of the WHO guidelines mainly used the cellular morphology of tumour tissues, intracellular hormone secretory components and ultrastructural electron microscopy to classify PAs. However, using the 2004 WHO Classification of Tumors were prone to misdiagnose non-functional PAs, especially for null cell adenomas. If the pituitary hormone immunohistochemistry staining is negative, a tumour may be diagnosed as null cell adenoma. However, some null cell adenomas were weakly expressed in focal subunits or do not secrete other hormones (TSH, GH, LH, PRL, FSH and ACTH), and most of the hormone-negative adenomas were derived from differentiated adenohypophysis cells by staining with associated transcription factors (PIT-1, ERα, T-PIT and SF-1) (33). In addition, according to the 2004 WHO classification of Endocrine Organ Pathology and Genetic Tumours, ~30% of tumours can be diagnosed as null cell adenomas. However, using the 2017 edition, <5% of adenomas are diagnosed as null cell adenomas. In the present study, there were only 15 cases of null cell adenoma, accounting for 6% of the total cases, which was consistent with a previous report using the 2017 classification system (2). Therefore, we hypothesize that the 2004 classification standard increased the diagnostic rate of null cell adenoma, resulting in a lower diagnostic rate of other non-functional adenomas.

The PAs in the present study mainly manifested as compression symptoms. All PAs of different pathological types showed clinical manifestations caused by tumour compression, especially gonadotropin adenomas (80.6%), corticotroph adenomas (78.8%), and lactotroph adenomas (69.2%). The majority of the patients with endocrine symptoms were women; the clinical symptoms (menstrual changes and galactorrhoea) caused by hormonal changes may be more obvious in women, and most of them can be detected and treated immediately. In men, however, there are often no obvious clinical symptoms, so the tumour is not diagnosed until compression symptoms are noted.

In addition, female patients account for the majority of somatotroph adenomas and corticotroph adenomas, while male patients account for the majority of gonadotropin adenomas in the present study. This finding is consistent with a previous study using the 2004 classification system (34), which suggests that some types of PAs are significantly associated with sex. The number of patients in the 21–60 years age groups was the highest, and the incidence was the highest in the 41–60 years age group. As previously reported, the prevalence of PAs increases with age, and the peak age of diagnosis is 30–60 years (35).

The 2017 classification system removed the diagnosis of ‘atypical PAs’ and explicitly proposed five types of ‘high-risk PAs’, suggesting that these five subtypes are likely to have a poorer prognosis (36). At present, there is a lack of specific diagnostic criteria for aggressive pituitary tumors, which is considered only a clinical combination of various pituitary tumours showing refractory behaviour. In the present study, the proportion of invasive adenomas in high-risk PAs reached 28.8%, the recurrence rate was 17.8%, and the incidence of apoplexy was 8.2%. The results showed that the incidence of invasion, recurrence and apoplexy of high-risk PAs was higher compared with that in non-high-risk PAs. This finding indicates that these specific types of adenomas have more inherent biological characteristics of highly invasive behaviour, high risk of recurrence and apoplexy, and neurosurgeons should attach great importance to the diagnosis of these adenomas. In a European study, Crooke's cell adenoma is a subtype of high-risk PA, which is very rare and accounts for >1% of Pas (37); it was not identified in the present study.

Currently, surgery is still the preferred treatment for invasive PAs. However, due to the similar malignant biological behaviour, total surgical resection of invasive PAs is difficult; the rate of total resection is lower compared with that of non-invasive tumours, and the postoperative recurrence rate is higher, requiring multiple surgical treatments (38). Thus, patients with invasive PAs often need adjuvant drug treatment. Although the WHO guidelines do not currently include invasive tumours in the PAs classification, the 2017 classification also emphasizes that invasive adenoma can be used as an important feature for identifying clinically refractory adenomas and determining prognosis. Invasive growth can be identified using preoperative MRI and intraoperative findings of tumour spread to the dura mater, bone or nasal mucosa (39). The relationship between the invasion of PAs and the Ki-67 index has also been discussed in different ways (40). It has been postulated that there is no relationship between invasiveness and a high Ki-67 index (41). The results of the present study indicated that the Ki-67 index was related to the invasion and recurrence of PAs. Invasive PAs have a higher Ki-67 index, and the differences in the Ki-67 index between the invasive group and the non-invasive group in somatotroph adenomas and corticotroph adenomas are statistically significant. It is suggested that the Ki-67 index can objectively reflect the proliferation potential of PAs and has good clinical value in predicting the invasion of Pas (42). There were statistically significant differences in the Ki-67 index between the recurrent group and the non-recurrent group in gonadotropin adenoma and null cell adenoma. It is suggested that the Ki-67 index has a certain guiding significance in predicting the prognosis of patients to evaluate the tendency of tumour recurrence after surgery by reflecting the number of proliferating tumour cells (43). According to the Ki-67 index of postoperative pathological diagnosis, combined with preoperative imaging findings and intraoperative findings, the individualized selection of postoperative treatment options is conducive to the postoperative recovery of patients with invasive pituitary tumours, reducing postoperative hormone abnormalities, delaying tumour recurrence and improving the quality of life of patients (44–46).

However, the present study has several limitations. The follow-up period was too short to detect the reported recurrences, despite using the 2017 WHO classification standard. In addition, a further case follow-up study is currently being performed and the results of which will be published in the near future. The numbers of invasive pituitary adenomas of each subtype were small, thus the results may not reflect the effect of Ki-67 on the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas in each subtype. For example, the sample size of invasive pituitary adenoma in the TSH and PRL groups was >5. Therefore, future studies should include a higher number of invasive pituitary adenomas for each subtype, to ensure more reliable data.

Furthermore analysis focusing on categorising tumours based on functional compared with non-functional tumours was not performed. Further research is needed to explore why many functional pituitary adenomas do not have the endocrine symptoms, invasiveness and recurrence of other subgroups.

In conclusion, the new 2017 classification is practical and reasonable from both a molecular and clinical pathology perspective, as this classification is based on IHC studies of transcription factors, which are intuitively understandable and are technically and diagnostically helpful (26). The present study is not the first clinicopathological analysis of pituitary adenomas based on the new classification (26,47–50), however previous studies have also showed that the new WHO 2017 classification categorizes less null cell adenomas compared with previous classifications (26,47). In the present study, patients with pituitary tumour diagnosed after 2017 were systematically classified according to the 2017 classification criteria and provides a theoretical basis for the accurate diagnosis of PAs. An accurate understanding and application of the latest classification system will contribute to better clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as advanced prediction of tumour outcomes and patient prognosis. Although the number of cases in the present study is not sufficiently large, the new classification should be further analysed and used in combination with clinical practice in the future.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the present study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

JL and YH made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work, drafting the work and revising it critically for important intellectual content, final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work. YHH, XZ and XY contributed to the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data for the work, drafting the work and revising it critically for important intellectual content, and also gave final approval of the version to be published and agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The present study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, and all patients provided written informed consent to participate.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References