Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
July-2020 Volume 20 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2020 Volume 20 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

lncRNA‑CD160 decreases the immunity of CD8+ T cells through epigenetic mechanisms in hepatitis B virus infection

Retraction in: /10.3892/ol.2025.15075
  • Authors:
    • Jiansong Wu
    • Qiang Niu
    • Jie Yuan
    • Xiaodan Xu
    • Liuxia Cao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of the Peoples' Liberation Army Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 235-247
    |
    Published online on: April 15, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11534
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The transfer and development of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with the T cell immune response, therefore investigating the key regulators of cell immune response is needed to improve chronic HBV treatment. Blood samples from patients with chronic HBV infection were used to confirm the correlation between HBV infection stage and CD160 receptor expression levels in CD8+ T cells, the CD8+ T cells are used to research the mechanism of T cell immune response modulation, moreover, C3H/HeN mice with reduced CD160 expression levels were used to investigate the association between long non‑coding (lnc)RNA‑CD160 and HBV infection. Long non‑coding (lnc)RNA‑CD160 and histone‑modification enzyme gene histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) expression levels were negatively associated with CD160 expression. lncRNA‑CD160 can inhibit the secretion of IFN‑γ and TNF‑α through HDAC11 recruitment and bind to HDAC11 to form a complex on the promoters of IFN‑γ and TNF‑α. The HDAC11, IFN‑γ and TNF‑α form a complex and enhance the methylation of H3K9Me1, chromatin changes into the heterochromatin and the transcription of IFN‑γ and TNF‑α is blocked; moreover, the HDAC11/IFN‑γ/TNF‑α complex can also inhibit the secretion of IFN‑γ and TNF‑α in CD160‑ CD8+ T cells and suppresses the function of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, small interfering RNA targeting lncRNA‑CD160 can block HBV infection progression. lncRNA‑CD160 acts as an immune suppressive factor and is expressed at a high level in peripheral blood CD8+ T cells of HBV infected patients. Furthermore, high expression levels of lncRNA‑CD160 can contribute to the inhibition of IFN‑γ and TNF‑α secretion in CD8+ T cells and decrease the immune response of CD8+ T cells. Therefore, lncRNA‑CD160 may become a new target for immunotherapy of chronic HBV infection in the future and may provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HBV infection.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Lok AS, McMahon BJ, Brown RS Jr, Wong JB, Ahmed AT, Farah W, Almasri J, Alahdab F, Benkhadra K, Mouchli MA, et al: Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B viral infection in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 63:284–306. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Martin P, Dubois C, Jacquier E, Dion S, Mancini-Bourgine M, Godon O, Kratzer R, Lelu-Santolaria K, Evlachev A, Meritet JF, et al: TG1050, an immunotherapeutic to treat chronic hepatitis B, induces robust T cells and exerts an antiviral effect in HBV-persistent mice. Gut. 64:1961–1971. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Ye B, Li X, Dong Y, Wang Y, Tian L, Lin S, Liu X, Kong H and Chen Y: Increasing LAG-3 expression suppresses T-cell function in chronic hepatitis B: A balance between immunity strength and liver injury extent. Medicine (Baltimore). 96:e52752017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Yang Z, Lei Y, Chen C, Ren H and Shi T: Roles of the programmed cell death 1, T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3, and cluster of differentiation 288 pathways in the low reactivity of invariant natural killer T cells after chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Arch Virol. 160:2535–2545. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Raziorrouh B, Heeg M, Kurktschiev P, Schraut W, Zachoval R, Wendtner C, Wächtler M, Spannagl M, Denk G, Ulsenheimer A, et al: Inhibitory phenotype of HBV-specific CD4+ T-cells is characterized by high PD-1 expression but absent coregulation of multiple inhibitory molecules. PLoS One. 9:e1057032014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Hakim MS, Spaan M, Janssen HL and Boonstra A: Inhibitory receptor molecules in chronic hepatitis B and C infections: Novel targets for immunotherapy? Rev Med Virol. 24:125–138. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ma L, Chua MS, Andrisani O and So S: Epigenetics in hepatocellular carcinoma: An update and future therapy perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 20:333–345. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Niu J, Lin Y, Liu P, Yu Y, Su C and Wang X: Microarray analysis on the lncRNA expression profile in male hepatocelluar carcinoma patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Oncotarget. 7:76169–76180. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Steinberg MW, Cheung TC and Ware CF: The signaling networks of the herpesvirus entry mediator (TNFRSF14) in immune regulation. Immunol Rev. 244:169–187. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Cai G and Freeman GJ: The CD160, BTLA, LIGHT/HVEM pathway: A bidirectional switch regulating T-cell activation. Immunol Rev. 229:244–258. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association, . The guidelines of prevention and treatment for chronic hepatitis B. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 13:881–891. 2005.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

12 

European Association of the Study of the Liver, . 2011 European Association of the study of the liver hepatitis C virus clinical practice guidelines. Liver Int. 32 (Suppl 1):S2–S8. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Tan PC, Aziz AZ, Ismail IS and Omar SZ: Gamma--glutamyltransferase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels and the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Clin Biochem. 45:1192–1196. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Parviainen MT: A modification of the acid diazo coupling method (Malloy-Evelyn) for the determination of serum total bilirubin. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 57:275–279. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–428. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Jalilian S, Teimoori A, Makvandi M and Zandi M: An in-vitro transcription assay for development of rotavirus VP7. Iran J Microbiol. 9:186–194. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Sui L, Zhang S, Huang R and Li Z: HDAC11 promotes meiotic apparatus assembly during mouse oocyte maturation via decreasing H4K16 and α-tubulin acetylation. Cell Cycle. 19:354–362. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Bhan A, Hussain I, Ansari KI, Kasiri S, Bashyal A and Mandal SS: Antisense transcript long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) HOTAIR is transcriptionally induced by estradiol. J Mol Biol. 425:3707–3722. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Zhou HL, Luo G, Wise JA and Lou H: Regulation of alternative splicing by local histone modifications: Potential roles for RNA-guided mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res. 42:701–713. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Bertoletti A and Ferrari C: Innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic hepatitis B virus infections: Towards restoration of immune control of viral infection. Postgrad Med J. 89:294–304. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Chan HL, Chan CK, Hui AJ, Chan S, Poordad F, Chang TT, Mathurin P, Flaherty JF, Lin L, Corsa A, et al: Effects of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with normal levels of alanine aminotransferase and high levels of hepatitis B virus DNA. Gastroenterology. 146:1240–1248. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Bertoletti A and Kennedy PT: The immune tolerant phase of chronic HBV infection: New perspectives on an old concept. Cell Mol Immunol. 12:258–263. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Suen H, Brown R, Yang S, Weatherburn C, Ho PJ, Woodland N, Nassif N, Barbaro P, Bryant C, Hart D, et al: Multiple myeloma causes clonal T-cell immunosenescence: Identification of potential novel targets for promoting tumour immunity and implications for checkpoint blockade. Leukemia. 30:1716–1724. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Ortonne N, Ram-Wolff C, Giustiniani J, Marie-Cardine A, Bagot M, Mecheri S and Bensussan A: Human and mouse mast cells express and secrete the GPI-anchored isoform of CD160. J Invest Dermatol. 131:916–924. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Zelle-Rieser C, Thangavadivel S, Biedermann R, Brunner A, Stoitzner P, Willenbacher E, Greil R and Jöhrer K: T cells in multiple myeloma display features of exhaustion and senescence at the tumor site. J Hematol Oncol. 9:1162016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Russell CD, Unger SA, Walton M and Schwarze J: The human immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 30:481–502. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Perl A, Fernandez DR, Telarico T, Doherty E, Francis L and Phillips PE: T-cell and B-cell signaling biomarkers and treatment targets in lupus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 21:454–464. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Fromentin R, Bakeman W, Lawani MB, Khoury G, Hartogensis W, DaFonseca S, Killian M, Epling L, Hoh R, Sinclair E, et al: CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 contribute to HIV persistence during ART. PLoS Pathog. 12:e10057612016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Pombo C, Wherry EJ, Gostick E, Price DA and Betts MR: Elevated expression of CD160 and 2B4 defines a cytolytic HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell population in elite controllers. J Infect Dis. 212:1376–1386. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Mason WS, Gill US, Litwin S, Zhou Y, Peri S, Pop O, Hong ML, Naik S, Quaglia A, Bertoletti A and Kennedy PT: HBV DNA integration and clonal hepatocyte expansion in chronic hepatitis B patients considered immune tolerant. Gastroenterology. 151:986–998.e4. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Fletcher SP, Chin DJ, Cheng DT, Ravindran P, Bitter H, Gruenbaum L, Cote PJ, Ma H, Klumpp K and Menne S: Identification of an intrahepatic transcriptional signature associated with self-limiting infection in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B. Hepatology. 57:13–22. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Fok ET, Scholefield J, Fanucchi S and Mhlanga MM: The emerging molecular biology toolbox for the study of long noncoding RNA biology. Epigenomics. 9:1317–1327. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Li J, Tian H, Yang J and Gong Z: Long noncoding RNAs regulate cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. DNA Cell Biol. 35:459–470. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Chen L and Zhang S: Long noncoding RNAs in cell differentiation and pluripotency. Cell Tissue Res. 366:509–521. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Ouyang J, Hu J and Chen JL: lncRNAs regulate the innate immune response to viral infection. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 7:129–143. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wu J, Niu Q, Yuan J, Xu X and Cao L: lncRNA‑CD160 decreases the immunity of CD8+ T cells through epigenetic mechanisms in hepatitis B virus infection Retraction in /10.3892/ol.2025.15075. Oncol Lett 20: 235-247, 2020.
APA
Wu, J., Niu, Q., Yuan, J., Xu, X., & Cao, L. (2020). lncRNA‑CD160 decreases the immunity of CD8+ T cells through epigenetic mechanisms in hepatitis B virus infection Retraction in /10.3892/ol.2025.15075. Oncology Letters, 20, 235-247. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11534
MLA
Wu, J., Niu, Q., Yuan, J., Xu, X., Cao, L."lncRNA‑CD160 decreases the immunity of CD8+ T cells through epigenetic mechanisms in hepatitis B virus infection Retraction in /10.3892/ol.2025.15075". Oncology Letters 20.1 (2020): 235-247.
Chicago
Wu, J., Niu, Q., Yuan, J., Xu, X., Cao, L."lncRNA‑CD160 decreases the immunity of CD8+ T cells through epigenetic mechanisms in hepatitis B virus infection Retraction in /10.3892/ol.2025.15075". Oncology Letters 20, no. 1 (2020): 235-247. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11534
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wu J, Niu Q, Yuan J, Xu X and Cao L: lncRNA‑CD160 decreases the immunity of CD8+ T cells through epigenetic mechanisms in hepatitis B virus infection Retraction in /10.3892/ol.2025.15075. Oncol Lett 20: 235-247, 2020.
APA
Wu, J., Niu, Q., Yuan, J., Xu, X., & Cao, L. (2020). lncRNA‑CD160 decreases the immunity of CD8+ T cells through epigenetic mechanisms in hepatitis B virus infection Retraction in /10.3892/ol.2025.15075. Oncology Letters, 20, 235-247. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11534
MLA
Wu, J., Niu, Q., Yuan, J., Xu, X., Cao, L."lncRNA‑CD160 decreases the immunity of CD8+ T cells through epigenetic mechanisms in hepatitis B virus infection Retraction in /10.3892/ol.2025.15075". Oncology Letters 20.1 (2020): 235-247.
Chicago
Wu, J., Niu, Q., Yuan, J., Xu, X., Cao, L."lncRNA‑CD160 decreases the immunity of CD8+ T cells through epigenetic mechanisms in hepatitis B virus infection Retraction in /10.3892/ol.2025.15075". Oncology Letters 20, no. 1 (2020): 235-247. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11534
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team