Increased fibrillarin expression is associated with tumor progression and an unfavorable prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: December 6, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12353
- Article Number: 92
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Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant cancer in humans, and the fourth leading cause of cancer-associated morality worldwide (1,2). Globally, from 2004 to 2017, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was 1/100,000 (3), with a low overall 5-year survival rate of 18% (4). In addition to liver resection and liver transplantation, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and transarterial chemoembolization are used to treat advanced HCC (5–7). However, patients with HCC suffer from a high prevalence of mortality and recurrence (5,7–11). Thus, identification of novel effective targets for the treatment of advanced HCC remains essential.
Ribosomes take part in the synthesis of proteins, as the site of mRNA translation (12). Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that ribosomes can regulate cancer progression and drug reactions by ‘alternative translation’, which enables tumor cells to adapt to their environment in order to proliferate (13–16). Methylation of ribosomal (r)RNA is the primary method to control protein synthesis (17–19).
The nucleolar protein, fibrillarin (FBL) catalyzes the 2′-O-methylation (2′-O-Me) of rRNAs to manage translation of mRNAs (20,21), which enables changes in the combination of rRNAs and specific mRNAs (22–24). FBL can promote cancer-cell proliferation by regulating mRNA translation and controlling the methylation of rRNAs, which has been demonstrated in breast cancer and cancer of the prostate gland (20,25,26).
Marcel et al (20) reported that p53 acts as a safeguard of protein synthesis by regulating FBL expression to inhibit tumor occurrence. In addition, reversible acetylation of FBL regulates methylation of nucleolar H2AQ104, thereby reinforcing oscillation of Pol-I transcription during the cell cycle (27). Shubina et al (21) demonstrated the potential roles of FBL in the regulation of cell proliferation, cancer progression and aging. Taken together, these results suggest that FBL may function as an oncogene. However, the function of FBL in HCC and the effect of FBL expression on HCC cells remain unknown.
To investigate the expression difference of FBL in tumor tissues and para-tumor tissues of HCC, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that FBL expression was upregulated in patients with HCC. Furthermore, high FBL expression signified an advanced tumor stage and a poor prognosis. Using publicly available RNA-sequencing data, it was demonstrated that the methylated modification of FBL was frequent in HCC. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that FBL may regulate the biological behavior of tumor cells by DNA damage/repair, cell-cell adhesion, the cell cycle, as well as signaling pathways involving fibroblast growth factor receptors, epidermal growth factor receptors and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-inducing kinase/NF-κB.
Materials and methods
Ethical approval of the study protocol
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong, China; approval no. 2020ER(A)024; May 29, 2019). Written informed consent was provided by patients, their authorized agents or their close relatives prior to the study start for use of their tissue samples and clinical details.
Study cohort
A total of 139 patients with HCC from the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College formed the study cohort, between June 2014 and December 2016. The present study included 114 men and 25 women with HCC, with an average age of 54.22 years (age range, 36–73 years). HCC was confirmed via histological analysis. A total of 139 HCC tissues and 81 paired para-tumor tissues were selected from patients who had not undergone radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery. In addition, patients with distant metastasis, Child-Pugh (28) liver function of grade C or other types of cancer were excluded from the present study. The cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent tissues were applied to produce tissue microarrays (TMAs).
Follow-up
Survival analysis data was obtained via the telephone, the follow-up visit comprised liver-function tests, chest radiography and measurement of α-fetoprotein (AFP) expression. Follow-up was at least every 2 months in the first 6 months following surgery, every 3 months for 6 months-2 years after surgery, and every 6 months for 2–5 years following surgery. If necessary, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were also performed to diagnose tumor recurrence. Postoperative adjuvant therapy and treatment of tumor recurrence were communicated by our multidisciplinary team. Surpassing 5 years post-surgery, the survival of patients with HCC was largely affected by several clinically unrelated factors, for example household income (3), thus the survival of all patients was calculated up to 5 years post-surgery.
IHC analysis
Fresh tissue samples were fixed in 4% formalin for 24 h at room temperature, washed five times with PBS (3 min each) and subsequently dehydrated with ethanol. Tissue samples were embedded in paraffin and cut into 4-µm-thick sections (diameter of 2 mm) to produce TMAs. TMAs were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in a descending ethanol series (100, 95 and 85%) at room temperature. TMAs were incubated with 0.3% H2O2 to inhibit endogenous peroxidase activity, and antigen-retrieval was subsequently performed with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid antigen-retrieval solution (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology; P0085), using a microwave for 15 min. TMAs were blocked with 10% goat serum (Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.; SL038) for 30 min at room temperature, and incubated with anti-FBL (1:100; Abcam; cat. no. ab166630) overnight at 4°C. Following the primary incubation, TMAs were incubated with a secondary antibody for 1 h at 37°C (1:1; Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc; cat. no. K5007). The REAL™ EnVision™ immunohistochemistry kit include the secondary antibody, and the secondary antibody from the manufacturer has come out of the working fluid concentration. The TAMs were color rendered using the REAL™ EnVision™ immunohistochemistry kit (Dako; Agilent Technologies, Inc; cat. no. K5007), according to the manufacturer's instructions. To score the expression of FBL in the TMAs, the TMAs were imaged using an automatic immunohistochemical section scanning system (Pannorramic SCAN, Hungary).
IHC scoring
Color intensity was divided into four classifications of staining, as follows: None, score=0; weak, score=1; moderate, score=2 and intense, score=3. The proportion of positive cells was ranked into five levels, as follows: <5%, score=0; 5–25%, score=1; 26–50%, score=2; 51–74%, score=3 and ≥75%, score=4. Multiplication of the staining score with the score for the percentage of positive cells provided the final score. The cut-off point for high FBL expression was based on the median IHC score −6 (29). Thus, a score <6 was classified as low FBL protein expression, while a score ≥6 was classified as high FBL protein expression. Each score was independently evaluated by two experienced pathologists from the Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Neijiang (Neijiang, China). In the case of ambiguity, a third experienced pathologist from the Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Neijiang (Neijiang, China) judged the final outcome.
Bioinformatic analysis
The UALCAN database (ualcan.path.uab.edu) was used to analyze FBL expression in HCC, the methylation level of its promoters and identify the associated genes, which was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA-sequencing data (ualcan.path.uab.edu). The statistical tests were performed via TCGA analysis of UALCAN (Figs. 1A and B, and 3B). FBL expression was assessed in HCC from 50 normal liver tissues and 371 primary tumor tissues. Transcripts per million was used to measure expression. Functional enrichment analysis of the associated genes was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID 6.7, David.ncifcrf.gov). The Gene Ontology (GO) database (David.ncifcrf.gov) was used to assess 186 FBL-related genes (Person-CC≥0.5). The mutation or amplification of FBL was validated using cBioportal (www.cbioportal.org), which involved four datasets, as follows: INSERM, Nat Genet 2015, 243 samples (30); AMC, Hepatology 2014, 231 samples (31); TCGA, Firehorse Legacy, 442 samples (http://gdac.broadinstitute.org/runs/stddata), Pancancer Atlas, 372 samples (32–41). The micro (mi)RNAs that bind with the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of FBL were predicted using TargetScan 3.1 (www.targetscan.org). The methylation of promoters was assessed within UALCAN using TCGA RNA-sequencing data. The β-value indicated the level of DNA methylation ranging from 0 (unmethylated) to 1 (fully methylated).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis were performed using SPSS v23 software (IBM Corp.). The χ2 test was for categorical data, as well as to determine the association between FBL protein expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with HCC. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model to determine the prognostic values of the risk factors associated with HCC. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
FBL expression is increased in HCC
Analyses of the UALCAN database demonstrated that FBL mRNA expression was higher in HCC tissues compared with normal liver tissues; 50 normal tissues and 371 primary tumor tissues were assessed (Fig. 1A). In addition, high FBL mRNA expression was observed in patients with advanced HCC than those with early HCC (Fig. 1B). A total of 139 tumor tissues and 81 paired para-tumor tissues were used in the present study to assess FBL protein expression. IHC analysis was undertaken by our research team and the results demonstrated that FBL protein was predominantly located in the nuclei, at significantly higher levels in HCC tissues (Fig. 1C; upper panel, para-tumor tissues; lower panel, tumor tissues). Among the 139 tumor tissues, IHC analysis revealed 64 patients (46.0%) with high FBL expression. However, among the 81 para-tumor tissues, 11 patients (13.6%) had high FBL expression (P<0.001; Fig. 1D).
Association between FBL expression and clinicopathological characteristics
The study cohort comprised 114 men and 25 women with HCC, and the average age was 54.22 years (Table I). The χ2 test was used to assess the association between FBL expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with HCC. The results demonstrated that high FBL expression was significantly associated with larger tumor diameter (P<0.001) and advanced TNM stage (P=0.003). However, no significant associations were observed between FBL expression and age, sex, tumor number, tumor differentiation, infection with the hepatitis-B virus, liver cirrhosis, AFP level and Child-Pugh grade (Table I).
 | Table I.Association between FBL expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (n=139). |
High FBL expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with HCC
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to assess the effect of FBL protein expression on the survival of patients with HCC. The results demonstrated that overall survival time (P=0.032) and disease-free survival time (P=0.004) were significantly shorter in the high FBL expression group compared with the low FBL expression group (Fig. 2). Cox regression analysis was subsequently performed to determine the prognostic values of the risk factors in patients with HCC. As presented in Table II, univariate analysis demonstrated that high FBL expression (P=0.036), tumor diameter (P<0.001) and TNM stage (P<0.001) predicted a shorter overall survival time, while high FBL expression (P=0.006), tumor diameter (P0.001), TNM stage (P<0.001) and tumor number (P=0.019) predicted a shorter disease-free survival time. Notably, multivariate analysis demonstrated that high FBL expression was not an independent risk factor for overall survival and disease-free survival time, suggesting that FBL mainly affects the prognosis of patients with HCC by promoting tumor progression (Table II).
| Table II.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of the risk factors in hepatocellular carcinoma. |
Bioinformatics analysis of FBL-related genes and the potential regulatory mechanism of FBL expression
The UALCAN database was used to identify genes associated with FBL. The results demonstrated that 186 genes (Person-CC≥0.5) were significantly associated with the FBL gene. Functional enrichment analysis using the DAVID and GO databases demonstrated a majority of biological processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer progression, such as ‘cell-cell adhesion’, ‘G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle’ and ‘positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway’. The notable cancer-associated biological processes are presented in Fig. 3A. The molecular mechanisms regulating FBL expression are poorly understood (21,42). Using publicly available data, it was demonstrated that methylation of the FBL promoter was high (Fig. 3B); however, the frequency of amplification and mutation was notably low in HCC (Fig. 3C). The miRNAs that may bind with the 3′-UTR of the FBL gene were predicted using TargetScan; however, no conserved miRNAs were identified for FBL. Taken together, these results suggest that FBL expression is mainly regulated by methylation.
Discussion
The prognosis of patients with HCC is poor (43–45), thus understanding the pathogenesis, development, invasion, and metastasis of HCC cells remains vital. The results of the present study demonstrated high FBL expression in HCC tissues compared with Para-tumor tissues. In addition, FBL expression was significantly associated with the diameter and TNM stage of tumors, and high FBL expression signified shorter overall survival time and disease-free survival time in patients with HCC.
The ribosome is a complex “molecular machine” composed of distinct proteins and nucleic acids, and is responsible for protein synthesis (46,47). A broader role for dysregulated ribosome biogenesis has been reported during the development and progression of most types of malignant cancer (47–49). Ribosomes can regulate some oncogenes and tumor suppressors by alternatively translating specific mRNAs, such as p27, p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor (50–52).
Modifications of rRNA have important roles in regulating ribosome function (53), and 2′-O-Me is the most common modification (23,24,54). rRNA methylation can change the combination of specific mRNAs and ribosomes to regulate protein expression (18,24). FBL plays a key role in 2′-O-Me, whereby changes in FBL expression notably affect the translation process (23). Thus, FBL can affect the course of some cellular processes (55–57). Marcel et al (20) reported that high FBL expression is an independent marker of a poor outcome in breast cancer, and that FBL can induce proliferation of MCF7 cells by regulating rRNA methylation. In addition, FBL is required for proliferation, clonogenic survival and appropriate rRNA accumulation/processing in human prostate cancer cells (25). However, the results of the present study demonstrated that high FBL expression was a predictive factor for poor prognosis, advanced tumor stage and large tumor diameter in HCC.
Koh et al demonstrated that the classical oncogene, MYC can induce FBL overexpression to accelerate prostate cancer (25). As a tumor-suppressor gene, p53 can safeguard protein synthesis by suppressing FBL expression and regulating the subsequent quality and intrinsic activity of ribosomes (20). El Hassouni et al reported that FBL inhibition prior to interaction with C/D box snoRNA is an ideal target to inhibit ribosome biogenesis during cancer therapy (58). To further determine the regulatory mechanism of FBL, the UALCAN, cBioportal and TargetScan databases were used. The UALCAN database predicted highly frequent methylation of FBL in HCC. Using publicly available sequencing data, low frequencies of amplifications and mutations were demonstrated in HCC. Furthermore, no conserved miRNAs were identified for FBL according to the TargetScan database. Taken together, these results suggest that methylation may be the main cause for FBL overexpression in HCC. In the present study, KEGG analysis demonstrated that the function of FBL correlated genes was mainly associated with the occurrence and development of tumors.
To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to assess the association between FBL expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with HCC, as well as determine the prognostic and predictive values of FBL in HCC. The results demonstrated that FBL was highly expressed in HCC and may accelerate HCC; however, the regulatory mechanism of FBL remains unknown. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that FBL may be an ideal target for HCC therapy.
Acknowledgements
The authors of the present study would like to thank Dr Qiang Li and Gang Yang (Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College), for supplying the tissue samples and clinical information of patients.
Funding
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article, as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the present study.
Authors' contribution
FX conceived the present study. JZ drafted the initial manuscript, and performed immunohistochemistry and statistical analyses. GY and QL collected the tissue samples and analyzed patient's clinical information. All authors contributed to the critical revision of the article for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College (Nanchong, China; approval no. 2020ER(A)024; May 29, 2019). Written informed consent was provided by patients or their close relatives prior to the study start for use of their tissue samples and clinical details.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Glossary
Abbreviations
Abbreviations:
|
FBL |
fibrillarin |
|
HCC |
hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
IHC |
immunohistochemical |
|
TMAs |
tissue microarrays |
|
M |
median |
|
AFP |
α-fetoprotein |
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