Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
February-2021 Volume 21 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2021 Volume 21 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Novel insights into the role of Clostridium novyi‑NT related combination bacteriolytic therapy in solid tumors (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Xu Feng
    • Pan He
    • Chen Zeng
    • Ye-Han Li
    • Sushant K. Das
    • Bing Li
    • Han-Feng Yang
    • Yong Du
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Feng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 110
    |
    Published online on: December 11, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12371
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Several solid tumors (for example leiomyosarcoma, melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma) possess areas of hypoxia, which underlies one of the primary reasons of failure of conventional anticancer therapies. The areas of poor vascularization are insensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapeutic drugs. Conversely, the hypoxic regions of tumors provide an ideal environment for anaerobic bacteria. The attenuated anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium novyi‑NT (C. novyi‑NT), is highly sensitive to oxygen and can target the destruction of hypoxic and necrotic areas of tumors, inducing oncolysis and characteristics indicative of an immune response. Theoretically, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy combined with bacterial therapy can be used as a novel means of treating solid tumors, promoting tumor regression and inhibiting metastasis formation with a notable beneficial effect. The present review discusses the molecular mechanisms of combined bacteriolytic therapy, predominantly focusing on C. novyi‑NT, and summarizes the findings of previous studies on experimental animal models, including its efficacy and safety via different drug delivery routes. This strategy has great potential to overcome the limitations of conventional cancer therapy, resulting in improved treatments, and thus potentially improved outcomes for patients.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Brown JM and William WR: Exploiting tumour hypoxia in cancer treatment. Nat Rev Cancer. 4:437–447. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Allen MR: Medication-Related osteonecrosis of the jaw: Basic and translational science updates. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 27:497–508. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Bertout JA, Patel SA and Simon MC: Hypoxia and metabolism series-timeline the impact of O-2 availability on human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 8:967–975. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Brown JM and Giaccia AJ: The unique physiology of solid tumors: Opportunities (and problems) for cancer therapy. Cancer Res. 58:1408–1416. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Malmgren RA and Flanigan CC: Localization of the vegetative form of clostridium tetani in mouse tumors following intravenous spore administration. Cancer Res. 15:473–478. 1955.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Zu C and Wang JS: Tumor-colonizing bacteria: A potential tumor targeting therapy. Crit Rev Microbiol. 40:225–235. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ben-Jacob E, Coffey DS and Levine H: Bacterial survival strategies suggest rethinking cancer cooperativity. Trends Microbiol. 20:403–410. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Forbes NS: Profile of a bacterial tumor killer. Nat Biotechnol. 24:1484–1485. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Pawelek JM, Low KB and Bermudes D: Bacteria as tumour-targeting vectors. Lancet Oncol. 4:548–556. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Dang LH, Bettegowda C, Huso DL, Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B: Combination bacteriolytic therapy for the treatment of experimental tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:15155–15160. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Danhier F, Feron O and Preat V: To exploit the tumor microenvironment: Passive and active tumor targeting of nanocarriers for anti-cancer drug delivery. J Control Release. 148:135–146. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell. 144:646–674. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Carmeliet P and Jain RK: Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature. 407:249–257. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Horsman MR, Mortensen LS, Petersen JB, Busk M and Overgaard J: Imaging hypoxia to improve radiotherapy outcome. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 9:674–687. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Geng L, Donnelly E, McMahon G, Lin PC, Sierra-Rivera E, Oshinka H and Hallahan DE: Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling leads to reversal of tumor resistance to radiotherapy. Cancer Res. 61:2413–2419. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Gottesman MM: Mechanisms of cancer drug resistance. Annu Rev Med. 53:615–627. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Coley WB: The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas. With a report of ten original cases. 1893. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 3–11. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Mose JR and Mose G: Oncolysis by Clostridia. I. Activity of clostridium butyricum (M-55) and other nonpathogenic clostridia against the ehrlich carcinoma. Cancer Res. 24:212–216. 1964.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Roberts NJ, Zhang L, Janku F, Collins A, Bai RY, Staedtke V, Rusk AW, Tung D, Miller M, Roix J, et al: Intratumoral injection of clostridium novyi-NT spores induces antitumor responses. Sci Transl Med. 6:249ra1112014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Forbes NS: Engineering the perfect (bacterial) cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 10:785–794. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wei MQ, Mengesha A, Good D and Anne J: Bacterial targeted tumour therapy-dawn of a new era. Cancer Lett. 259:16–27. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Patyar S, Joshi R, Byrav DSP, Prakash A, Medhi B and Das BK: Bacteria in cancer therapy: A novel experimental strategy. J Biomed Sci. 17:212010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Agrawal N, Bettegowda C, Cheong I, Geschwind JF, Drake CG, Hipkiss EL, Tatsumi M, Dang LH, Diaz LA Jr, Pomper M, et al: Bacteriolytic therapy can generate a potent immune response against experimental tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101:15172–15177. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Bettegowda C, Huang X, Lin J, Cheong I, Kohli M, Szabo SA, Zhang X, Diaz LA Jr, Velculescu VE, Parmigiani G, et al: The genome and transcriptomes of the anti-tumor agent clostridium novyi-NT. Nat Biotechnol. 24:1573–1580. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Staedtke V, Bai RY, Sun W, Huang J, Kibler KK, Tyler BM, Gallia GL, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B, Zhou S and Riggins GJ: Clostridium novyi-NT can cause regression of orthotopically implanted glioblastomas in rats. Oncotarget. 6:5536–5546. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Casares N, Pequignot MO, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Roux S, Chaput N, Schmitt E, Hamai A, Hervas-Stubbs S, Obeid M, et al: Caspase-dependent immunogenicity of doxorubicin-induced tumor cell death. J Exp Med. 202:1691–1701. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Michaud M, Martins I, Sukkurwala AQ, Adjemian S, Ma Y, Pellegatti P, Shen S, Kepp O, Scoazec M, Mignot G, et al: Autophagy-dependent anticancer immune responses induced by chemotherapeutic agents in mice. Science. 334:1573–1577. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Obeid M, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Fimia GM, Apetoh L, Perfettini JL, Castedo M, Mignot G, Panaretakis T, Casares N, et al: Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Nat Med. 13:54–61. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Furumoto K, Soares L, Engleman EG and Merad M: Induction of potent antitumor immunity by in situ targeting of intraturnoral DCs. J Clin Invest. 113:774–783. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

DeClue AE, Axiak-Bechtel SM, Zhang Y, Saha S, Zhang L, Tung D and Bryan JN: Immune response to C. novyi-NT immunotherapy. Vet Res. 49:382018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Ji J, Park WR, Cho S, Yang Y, Li W, Harris K, Huang X, Gu S, Kim DH, Zhang Z and Larson AC: Iron-oxide nanocluster labeling of clostridium novyi-NT spores for MR imaging-monitored locoregional delivery to liver tumors in rat and rabbit models. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 30:1106–1115. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Theys J, Landuyt W, Nuyts S, Van Mellaert L, Bosmans E, Rijnders A, Van Den Bogaert W, van Oosterom A, Anné J and Lambin P: Improvement of clostridium tumour targeting vectors evaluated in rat rhabdomyosarcomas. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 30:37–41. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Bettegowda C, Dang LH, Abrams R, Huso DL, Dillehay L, Cheong I, Agrawal N, Borzillary S, McCaffery JM, Watson EL, et al: Overcoming the hypoxic barrier to radiation therapy with anaerobic bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:15083–15088. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Krick EL, Sorenmo KU, Rankin SC, Cheong I, Kobrin B, Thornton K, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Zhou S and Diaz LA Jr: Evaluation of clostridium novyi-NT spores in dogs with naturally occurring tumors. Am J Vet Res. 73:112–118. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Hekmatshoar Y, Rahbar Saadat Y, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Ozkan T, Zununi Vahed F, Nariman-Saleh-Fam Z, Pourghassem Gargari B, Sunguroglu A and Zununi Vahed S: The impact of tumor and gut microbiotas on cancer therapy: Beneficial or detrimental? Life Sci. 233:1166802019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Umer B, Good D, Anne J, Duan W and Wei MQ: Clostridial spores for cancer therapy: Targeting solid tumour microenvironment. J Toxicol. 2012:8627642012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Danino T, Lo J, Prindle A, Hasty J and Bhatia SN: In vivo gene expression dynamics of tumor-targeted bacteria. ACS Synth Biol. 1:465–470. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Li LY, Rojiani A and Siemann DW: Targeting the tumor vasculature with combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate: Effects on radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 42:899–903. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Smith AB III, Freeze BS, LaMarche MJ, Sager J, Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B: Discodermolide analogues as the chemical component of combination bacteriolytic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 15:3623–3626. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Dang LH, Bettegowda H, Agrawal N, Cheong I, Huso D, Frost P, Loganzo F, Greenberger L, Barkoczy J, Pettit GR, et al: Targeting vascular and avascular compartments of tumors with C. novyi-NT and anti-microtubule agents. Cancer Biol Ther. 3:326–337. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Cheong I, Huang X, Bettegowda C, Diaz LA Jr, Kinzler KW, Zhou S and Vogelstein B: A bacterial protein enhances the release and efficacy of liposomal cancer drugs. Science. 314:1308–1311. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Shimose S, Kawaguchi T, Tanaka M, Iwamoto H, Miyazaki K, Moriyama E, Suzuki H, Niizeki T, Shirono T, Nakano M, et al: Lenvatinib prolongs the progression-free survival time of patients with intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma refractory to transarterial chemoembolization: A multicenter cohort study using data mining analysis. Oncol Lett. 20:2257–2265. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Zhang XB: Experimental study of anaerobic bacteria combined with interventional therapy for liver cancer. PhD dissertationFudan University, Shanghai, China2009

44 

Wachsberger P, Burd R and Dicker AP: Tumor response to ionizing radiation combined with antiangiogenesis or vascular targeting agents: Exploring mechanisms of interaction. Clin Cancer Res. 9:1957–1971. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

45 

Garcia-Barros M, Paris F, Cordon-Cardo C, Lyden D, Rafii S, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Fuks Z and Kolesnick R: Tumor response to radiotherapy regulated by endothelial cell apoptosis. Science. 300:1155–1159. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Butterworth KT, Prise KM and Verhaegen F: Small animal image-guided radiotherapy: Status, considerations and potential for translational impact. Br J Radiol. 88:201406342015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Wei MQ, Ellem KA, Dunn P, West MJ, Bai CX and Vogelstein B: Facultative or obligate anaerobic bacteria have the potential for multimodality therapy of solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 43:490–496. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Diaz LA, Cheong I, Foss CA, Zhang X, Peters BA, Agrawal N, Bettegowda C, Karim B, Liu G, Khan K, et al: Pharmacologic and toxicologic evaluation of C-novyi-NT spores. Toxicol Sci. 88:562–575. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Kaimala S, Al-Sbiei A, Cabral-Marques O, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ and Al-Ramadi BK: Attenuated bacteria as immunotherapeutic tools for cancer treatment. Front Oncol. 8:362018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Bos R, Zhong H, Hanrahan CF, Mommers EC, Semenza GL, Pinedo HM, Abeloff MD, Simons JW, van Diest PJ and van der Wall E: Levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha during breast carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 93:309–314. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Groot AJ, Mengesha A, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Theys J and Vooijs M: Functional antibodies produced by oncolytic clostridia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 364:985–989. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM, Ellis V, Pollock R, Broglio KR, Hess K and Curley SA: Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg. 239:818–824. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Dietzel F, Gericke D and Konig W: Tumor hyperthermia using high frequency for increase of oncolysis by clostridium butyricum (M 55). Strahlentherapie. 152:537–541. 1976.(In German). PubMed/NCBI

54 

Dietzel F and Gericke D: Intensification of the oncolysis by clostridia by means of radio-frequency hyperthermy in experiments on animals-dependence on dosage and on intervals (author's transl). Strahlentherapie. 153:263–266. 1977.(In German). PubMed/NCBI

55 

Gericke D, Dietzel F, Konig W, Ruster I and Schumacher L: Further progress with oncolysis due to apathogenic clostridia. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A. 243:102–112. 1979.PubMed/NCBI

56 

Lee CH: Engineering bacteria toward tumor targeting for cancer treatment: Current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 93:517–523. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Thiele EH, Arison RN and Boxer GE: Oncolysis by clostridia. IV. Effect of nonpathogenic clostridial spores in normal and pathological tissues. Cancer Res. 24:234–238. 1964.PubMed/NCBI

58 

Liu G, Bettegowda C, Qiao Y, Staedtke V, Chan KWY, Bai R, Li Y, Riggins GJ, Kinzler KW, Bulte JWM, et al: Noninvasive imaging of infection after treatment with tumor-homing bacteria using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. Magn Reson Med. 70:1690–1698. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Park W, Cho S, Huang X, Larson AC and Kim DH: Branched gold nanoparticle coating ofclostridium novyi-NT spores for CT-guided intratumoral injection. Small. 13:102017. View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Zheng L, Zhang Z, Khazaie K, Saha S, Lewandowski RJ, Zhang G and Larson AC: MRI-monitored intra-tumoral injection of iron-oxide labeled clostridium novyi-NT anaerobes in pancreatic carcinoma mouse model. PLos One. 9:1162042014. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Feng X, He P, Zeng C, Li Y, Das SK, Li B, Yang H and Du Y: Novel insights into the role of Clostridium novyi‑NT related combination bacteriolytic therapy in solid tumors (Review). Oncol Lett 21: 110, 2021.
APA
Feng, X., He, P., Zeng, C., Li, Y., Das, S.K., Li, B. ... Du, Y. (2021). Novel insights into the role of Clostridium novyi‑NT related combination bacteriolytic therapy in solid tumors (Review). Oncology Letters, 21, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12371
MLA
Feng, X., He, P., Zeng, C., Li, Y., Das, S. K., Li, B., Yang, H., Du, Y."Novel insights into the role of Clostridium novyi‑NT related combination bacteriolytic therapy in solid tumors (Review)". Oncology Letters 21.2 (2021): 110.
Chicago
Feng, X., He, P., Zeng, C., Li, Y., Das, S. K., Li, B., Yang, H., Du, Y."Novel insights into the role of Clostridium novyi‑NT related combination bacteriolytic therapy in solid tumors (Review)". Oncology Letters 21, no. 2 (2021): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12371
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Feng X, He P, Zeng C, Li Y, Das SK, Li B, Yang H and Du Y: Novel insights into the role of Clostridium novyi‑NT related combination bacteriolytic therapy in solid tumors (Review). Oncol Lett 21: 110, 2021.
APA
Feng, X., He, P., Zeng, C., Li, Y., Das, S.K., Li, B. ... Du, Y. (2021). Novel insights into the role of Clostridium novyi‑NT related combination bacteriolytic therapy in solid tumors (Review). Oncology Letters, 21, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12371
MLA
Feng, X., He, P., Zeng, C., Li, Y., Das, S. K., Li, B., Yang, H., Du, Y."Novel insights into the role of Clostridium novyi‑NT related combination bacteriolytic therapy in solid tumors (Review)". Oncology Letters 21.2 (2021): 110.
Chicago
Feng, X., He, P., Zeng, C., Li, Y., Das, S. K., Li, B., Yang, H., Du, Y."Novel insights into the role of Clostridium novyi‑NT related combination bacteriolytic therapy in solid tumors (Review)". Oncology Letters 21, no. 2 (2021): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12371
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team