Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
February-2021 Volume 21 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2021 Volume 21 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Mutational characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single‑center analysis of 302 patients

  • Authors:
    • Li Liang
    • Xin Li
    • Dong Li
    • Ping Liu
    • Lin Nong
    • Ying Dong
    • Jumei Liu
    • Sixia Huang
    • Ting Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 174
    |
    Published online on: January 4, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12435
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) represent a spectrum of tumors characterized by variable behaviors and activating mutations in KIT proto‑oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) or platelet derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) genes. However, whether genotype analysis should be regarded as a prognostic indicator remains unclear. In the present study, clinicopathological data and the mutation phenotypes of KIT and PDGFRA genes were assessed in a series of 302 patients with GISTs at a single center. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the clinicopathological and mutational factors associated with relapse‑free survival (RFS) in patients who had undergone complete primary GIST resection. KIT and PDGFRA mutations were identified in 233 (77.2%) and 30 (9.9%) cases, respectively. The following clinicopathological parameters were significantly associated with a shorter RFS: Male, non‑gastric tumor origin, larger tumor size (>5 cm), high mitotic activity (>5/50 high‑power fields), necrosis and epithelioid morphology. Tumors at non‑gastric sites, with high National Institutes of Health risk classification, high World Health Organization (WHO) grade and KIT deletion involving codons 557/558/559 exhibited a significantly higher risk of progression. In the Cox regression model, KIT deletion involving codons 557/558/559, non‑gastric origin and high WHO grade were independent indicators of RFS. The adverse prognosis associated with KIT deletions involving codons 557/558/559 was also observed for gastric GISTs. Conversely, spindle morphology, KIT exon 11 substitution and PDGFRA exon 18 mutation were associated with a longer RFS and lower rate of relapse. Furthermore, the coexistence of KIT exon 11 deletion and exon 13 duplication was observed in one tumor, with adverse prognostic features. Heterogeneity affecting morphology, immunostaining and genotype was identified in 4 cases. In addition, the presence of succinate dehydrogenase‑deficient GIST was found in 5 cases (3.6%). In conclusion, the tumor genotype with regard to KIT and PDGFRA mutations exhibited prognostic significance for the risk of GIST progression and may be helpful for the optimization of tailored adjuvant therapy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Huizinga JD, Thuneberg L, Klüppel M, Malysz J, Mikkelsen HB and Bernstein A: W/kit gene required for interstitial cells of Cajal and for intestinal pacemaker activity. Nature. 373:347–349. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Joensuu H, Hohenberger P and Corless CL: Gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Lancet. 382:973–983. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Yamamoto H and Oda Y: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: Recent advances in pathology and genetics. Pathol Int. 65:9–18. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

DeMatteo RP, Lewis JJ, Leung D, Mudan SS, Woodruff JM and Brennan MF: Two hundred gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Recurrence patterns and prognostic factors for survival. Ann Surg. 231:51–58. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Rossi S, Miceli R, Messerini L, Bearzi I, Mazzoleni G, Capella C, Arrigoni G, Sonzogni A, Sidoni A, Toffolatti L, et al: Natural history of imatinib-naive GISTs: A retrospective analysis of 929 cases with long-term follow-up and development of a survival nomogram based on mitotic index and size as continuous variables. Am J Surg Pathol. 35:1646–1456. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Joensuu H: Risk stratification of patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Hum Pathol. 39:1411–1419. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Li J, Ye Y, Wang J, Zhang B, Qin S, Shi Y, He Y, Liang X, Liu X, Zhou Y, et al: Chinese consensus guidelines for diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Chin J Cancer Res. 29:281–293. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Goh BK, Chow PK, Yap WM, Kesavan SM, Song IC, Paul PG, Ooi BS, Chung YF and Wong WK: Which is the optimal risk stratification system for surgically treated localized primary GIST? Comparison of three contemporary prognostic criteria in 171 tumors and a proposal for a modified Armed Forces Institute of Pathology risk criteria. Ann Surg Oncol. 15:2153–2163. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Lokuhetty D, White VA and Watanabe R: WHO classfication of digestive system tumours. 5th edition. Lyon: IARC Press; pp. 439–443. 2019

10 

Wozniak A, Rutkowski P, Piskorz A, Ciwoniuk M, Osuch C, Bylina E, Sygut J, Chosia M, Rys J, Urbanczyk K, et al: Prognostic value of KIT/PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST): Polish Clinical GIST Registry experience. Ann Oncol. 23:353–360. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Wozniak A, Rutkowski P, Schöffski P, Ray-Coquard I, Hostein I, Schildhaus HU, Le Cesne A, Bylina E, Limon J, Blay JY, et al: Tumor genotype is an independent prognostic factor in primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors of gastric origin: A european multicenter analysis based on ConticaGIST. Clin Cancer Res. 20:6105–6116. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Corless CL, Ballman KV, Antonescu CR, Kolesnikova V, Maki RG, Pisters PW, Blackstein ME, Blanke CD, Demetri GD, Heinrich MC, et al: Pathologic and molecular features correlate with long-term outcome after adjuvant therapy of resected primary GI stromal tumor: The ACOSOG Z9001 trial. J Clin Oncol. 32:1563–1570. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Heinrich MC, Owzar K, Corless CL, Hollis D, Borden EC, Fletcher CD, Ryan CW, von Mehren M, Blanke CD, Rankin C, et al: Correlation of kinase genotype and clinical outcome in the North American intergroup phase III Trial of imatinib mesylate for treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor: CALGB 150105 study by cancer and leukemia group B and southwest oncology group. J Clin Oncol. 26:5360–5367. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Szucs Z, Thway K, Fisher C, Bulusu R, Constantinidou A, Benson C, van der Graaf WT and Jones RL: Molecular subtypes of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and their prognostic and therapeutic implications. Future Oncol. 13:93–107. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Lennartsson J, Jelacic T, Linnekin D and Shivakrupa R: Normal and oncogenic forms of the receptor tyrosine kinase kit. Stem Cells. 23:16–43. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Martin-Broto J, Gutierrez A, Garcia-Del-Muro X, Lopez-Guerrero JA, Martinez-Trufero J, de Sande LM, Lainez N, Maurel J, De Juan A, Losa F, et al: Prognostic time dependence of deletions affecting codons 557 and/or 558 of KIT gene for relapse-free survival (RFS) in localized GIST: A Spanish group for sarcoma research (GEIS) study. Ann Oncol. 21:1552–1557. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Martín J, Poveda A, Llombart-Bosch A, Ramos R, López-Guerrero JA, García del Muro J, Maurel J, Calabuig S, Gutierrez A, González de Sande JL, et al: Deletions affecting codons 557–558 of the c-KIT gene indicate a poor prognosis in patients with completely resected gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A study by the Spanish group for sarcoma research (GEIS). J Clin Oncol. 23:6190–6198. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Steigen SE, Eide TJ, Wasag B, Lasota J, Lasota J and Miettinen M: Mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors-a population-based study from Northern Norway. APMIS. 115:289–298. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Gill AJ: Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and mitochondrial driven neoplasia. Pathology. 44:285–292. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Miettinen M, Wang ZF, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Osuch C, Rutkowski P and Lasota J: Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient GISTs: A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 66 gastric GISTs with predilection to young age. Am J Surg Pathol. 35:1712–1721. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

He HY, Fang WG, Zhong HH, Li Y, Zheng J, Du J, Heng WJ and Wu BQ: Status and clinical implication of c-kit and PDGFRA mutations in 165 cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 35:262–266. 2006.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

22 

Du CY, Shi YQ, Zhou Y, Fu H and Zhao G: The analysis of status and clinical implication of KIT and PDGFRA mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). J Surg Oncol. 98:175–178. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Hashmi AA, Faraz M, Nauman Z, Qureshi MU, Hashmi SK, Waseem HF, Edhi MM, Faridi N and Khan A: Clinicopathologic features and prognostic grouping of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in Pakistani patients: An institutional perspective. BMC Res Notes. 11:4572018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Mayr P, Märkl B, Agaimy A, Kriening B, Dintner S, Schenkirsch G and Schneider-Stock R: Malignancies associated with GIST: A retrospective study with molecular analysis of KIT and PDGFRA. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 404:605–613. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Liu X, Qiu H, Zhang P, Feng X, Chen T, Li Y, Tao K, Li G, Sun X and Zhou Z; China Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Study Group (CN-GIST), : Prognostic role of tumor necrosis in patients undergoing curative resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A multicenter analysis of 740 cases in China. Cancer Med. 6:2796–2803. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Liu FY, Qi JP, Xu FL and Wu AP: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. World J Gastroenterol. 12:4161–4165. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Debiec-Rychter M, Sciot R, Le Cesne A, Schlemmer M, Hohenberger P, van Oosterom AT, Blay JY, Leyvraz S, Stul M, Casali PG, et al: KIT mutations and dose selection for imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Eur J Cancer. 42:1093–1103. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Wang M, Xu J, Zhao W, Tu L, Qiu W, Wang C, Shen Y, Liu Q and Cao H: Prognostic value of mutational characteristics in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single-center experience in 275 cases. Med Oncol. 31:8192014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Wardelmann E, Losen I, Hans V, Neidt I, Speidel N, Bierhoff E, Heinicke T, Pietsch T, Büttner R and Merkelbach-Bruse S: Deletion of Trp-557 and Lys-558 in the juxtamembrane domain of the c-kit protooncogene is associated with metastatic behavior of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Cancer. 106:887–895. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Capelli L, Petracci E, Quagliuolo V, Saragoni L, Colombo P, Morgagni P, Calistri D, Tomezzoli A, Di Cosmo M, Roviello F, et al: Gastric GISTs: Analysis of c-Kit, PDGFRA and BRAF mutations in relation to prognosis and clinical pathological characteristics of patients-A GIRCG study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 42:1206–1214. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Antonescu CR, Romeo S, Zhang L, Nafa K, Hornick JL, Nielsen GP, Mino-Kenudson M, Huang HY, Mosquera JM, Dei Tos PA and Fletcher CD: Dedifferentiation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor to an anaplastic KIT-negative phenotype: A diagnostic pitfall: Morphologic and molecular characterization of 8 cases occurring either de novo or after imatinib therapy. Am J Surg Pathol. 37:385–392. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Liegl B, Kepten I, Le C, Zhu M, Demetri GD, Heinrich MC, Fletcher CD, Corless CL and Fletcher JA: Heterogeneity of kinase inhibitor resistance mechanisms in GIST. J Pathol. 216:64–74. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Serrano C, Mariño-Enríquez A, Tao DL, Ketzer J, Eilers G, Zhu M, Yu C, Mannan AM, Rubin BP, Demetri GD, et al: Complementary activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors against secondary kit mutations in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Br J Cancer. 120:612–620. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liang L, Li X, Li D, Liu P, Nong L, Dong Y, Liu J, Huang S and Li T: Mutational characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single‑center analysis of 302 patients. Oncol Lett 21: 174, 2021.
APA
Liang, L., Li, X., Li, D., Liu, P., Nong, L., Dong, Y. ... Li, T. (2021). Mutational characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single‑center analysis of 302 patients. Oncology Letters, 21, 174. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12435
MLA
Liang, L., Li, X., Li, D., Liu, P., Nong, L., Dong, Y., Liu, J., Huang, S., Li, T."Mutational characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single‑center analysis of 302 patients". Oncology Letters 21.2 (2021): 174.
Chicago
Liang, L., Li, X., Li, D., Liu, P., Nong, L., Dong, Y., Liu, J., Huang, S., Li, T."Mutational characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single‑center analysis of 302 patients". Oncology Letters 21, no. 2 (2021): 174. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12435
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liang L, Li X, Li D, Liu P, Nong L, Dong Y, Liu J, Huang S and Li T: Mutational characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single‑center analysis of 302 patients. Oncol Lett 21: 174, 2021.
APA
Liang, L., Li, X., Li, D., Liu, P., Nong, L., Dong, Y. ... Li, T. (2021). Mutational characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single‑center analysis of 302 patients. Oncology Letters, 21, 174. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12435
MLA
Liang, L., Li, X., Li, D., Liu, P., Nong, L., Dong, Y., Liu, J., Huang, S., Li, T."Mutational characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single‑center analysis of 302 patients". Oncology Letters 21.2 (2021): 174.
Chicago
Liang, L., Li, X., Li, D., Liu, P., Nong, L., Dong, Y., Liu, J., Huang, S., Li, T."Mutational characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A single‑center analysis of 302 patients". Oncology Letters 21, no. 2 (2021): 174. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12435
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team