Predictive effects of preoperative serum CA125 and AFP levels on post‑hepatectomy survival in patients with hepatitis B‑related hepatocellular carcinoma
- Authors:
- Published online on: April 22, 2021 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12748
- Article Number: 487
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Copyright: © Qin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, and the third most common cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide (1). In 2018, the estimated global incidence rate of liver cancer per 100,000 person-years was 9.3, and the corresponding mortality rate was 8.5; HCC accounts for 75–80% of liver cancer cases (2). In addition, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections account for 75–80% of HCC cases worldwide (3); in China, HBV infections account for >80% of all HCC cases (4). Radical resection of liver cancer and liver transplantation are the current potential curative treatments for selected patients with HCC based on the Milan Criteria (5,6). However, long-term surgical outcomes remain unsatisfactory due to high tumor recurrence rates (7,8). Previous studies have reported that liver- and tumor-related characteristics such as cirrhosis, tumor size, number and vascular invasion are definitive risk factors associated with long-term survival after curative resection of HCC (9,10).
Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein identified with a murine monoclonal antibody against epithelial ovarian cancer (11), and serum CA125 levels have been proposed as a marker for monitoring the course of disease in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (12). In addition, CA125 is used for the diagnosis and prognosis of various types of tumor, such as ovarian cancer, cholangiocarcinoma and lung cancer (13–16). Previous studies have demonstrated that CA125 levels are high in patients with acute and chronic liver disease, particularly in those with cirrhotic ascites (17,18). The expression levels of serum CA125 are elevated in HCC compared with health subject and benign liver diseases, and CA125 exhibits 92% sensitivity for the diagnosis of HCC; however, the specificity is only 48.5%, which is significantly lower compared with that of α-fetoprotein (AFP) (19). Despite the numerous biomarkers proposed for HCC, such as AFP-L3, des-γ-carboxy prothrombin and osteopontin (20), the first one that was identified, AFP, remains the most utilized. Previous studies have demonstrated that CA125 provides a reference value for the prognostic evaluation of patients with various types of tumor, such as pancreatic, epithelial ovarian and lung cancer (21–23). Zhou et al (24) have reported that high preoperative serum CA125 levels predict a large tumor diameter and poor prognosis following liver resection in patients with HCC with AFP levels ≤200 ng/ml. To date, the association between CA125 levels and prognosis of patients with HBV-related HCC has not been reported in detail; although certain retrospective reports have identified an association between them (13,24), further studies are needed to confirm this. Based on the worldwide predominance of HBV-related HCC, it is essential to investigate the association between CA125 and prognosis in HBV-related HCC.
To address this question, the present study retrospectively analyzed the records of 306 patients with HBV-related HCC treated by curative resection and assessed the potential associations between CA125 levels prior to tumor resection and post-operative disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).
Materials and methods
Patients
Between April 2013 and October 2018, a retrospective study was conducted using the data from 466 consecutive patients (392 men, 74 women; median age, 54.4 years) with HBV-related HCC who underwent hepatic resection at Liuzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University (Liuzhou, China). The inclusion criteria were as follows: i) Patients ≥18 years; ii) HCC was confirmed by postoperative pathologic examination; iii) hepatitis B surface antigen was positive; iv) patient agreed to liver resection; v) curative treatment (pathological confirmation of negative resection margin); and vi) no local recurrence within 2 months after surgery. The exclusion criteria were as follows: i) Metastatic or recurrent liver cancer was confirmed by postoperative pathological examination; ii) hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus; iii) significant lesions of the heart, lung or kidney; iv) patient received transarterial chemoembolization or other antitumor therapy before surgery; and v) severe complications or adverse events (including postoperative mortality) within 2 months following surgery. Based on these criteria, 160 patients were excluded, and the remaining 306 patients were enrolled. The patient selection flow diagram is presented in Fig. 1. The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Liuzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University approved the study, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient before surgery.
All patients received conventional perioperative prophylactic antibiotics, drugs inhibiting gastric acid secretion, liver protection therapy and nutritional support. The primary outcome of the study was DFS and OS after hepatectomy. Secondary outcomes included tumor characteristics, intraoperative blood loss and intraoperative transfusion.
Based on a previous study, an AFP level of 100 ng/ml was selected as the stratification cutoff point (25). According to the stratification of preoperative serum CA125 and AFP levels, the patients were classified into four subgroups: i) Subgroup 1, CA125 ≤15 U/ml and AFP ≤100 ng/ml (n=95); ii) subgroup 2, CA125 ≤15 U/ml and AFP >100 ng/ml (n=75); iii) subgroup 3, CA125 >15 U/ml and AFP ≤100 ng/ml (n=57); and iv) subgroup 4, CA125 >15 U/ml and AFP >100 ng/ml (n=79). Patients received antiviral therapy conforming to the Chronic Hepatitis B Practice Guidelines of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (26). Antiviral therapy was administered before or after surgery (oral 100 mg lamivudine, 10 mg adefovir dipivoxil or 0.5 mg entecavir daily).
Clinical diagnosis and definitions
Diagnosis of HCC was confirmed by pathology. OS was calculated from the day of surgery until the day of mortality or last contact. The DFS was defined as the time from the day of surgery to the day of confirmed tumor recurrence, or from the day of surgery to the day of mortality or last contact for patients who did not experience recurrent disease.
Biochemical tests and follow-up
Patient blood tests were performed in the morning of the second day after hospital admission. Baseline examinations (within 7 days prior to surgery) included regular routine blood, liver function, blood coagulation function, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HBsAg antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HBeAg antibody (anti-HBe), antibody to hepatitis core antigen (anti-HBc), AFP and CA125 concentration, and HBV DNA level tests. Serum HBV viral loads were measured using a PCR HBV monitoring kit (Roche Diagnostics K.K) with a lower detection limit of 200 IU/ml. The concentration of serum CA125 and AFP was detected by ELISA (cat. nos. Q8WX17 and E-EL-H0070c; Wuhan Huamei Biotech Co., Ltd) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Patients were followed up at Liuzhou People's Hospital every 3 months during the first postoperative year and every 3–6 months thereafter. The follow-up period ended on August 12, 2019. Blood tests and liver ultrasonography were performed during each visit by independent doctors. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen was performed every 6 months. If recurrence was suspected, CT or magnetic resonance imaging was immediately performed to confirm the diagnosis. Patients with confirmed recurrence were subjected to further treatment. If the recurrent tumor was localized, a second liver resection, radiofrequency ablation or percutaneous ethanol injection was suggested. If the recurrent tumor was multiple or diffuse, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed. Treatment decisions were based on the pattern of recurrence and liver function reserve.
Statistical analysis
For the demographic data, normally distributed continuous data are presented as the mean ± SD, and non-normally distributed continuous data are presented as the median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are presented as percentages. Statistical analyses were conducted using the independent samples Student's t-test (or Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data), one-way analysis of variance (or Kruskal-Wallis test for non-normally distributed data) and the χ2 test, as appropriate. DFS and OS were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and log-rank tests were used to evaluate differences between groups. The Bonferroni post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. For the laboratory parameters, the cutoff values were the upper limit of the normal values. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Following the univariate analysis, multivariate analysis of survival was performed. All analyses were conducted with SPSS 23.0 software for windows (IBM Corp.). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Basis patient characteristics
The median follow-up time of the patients included in the present study was 35.0 months. Table I summarizes the characteristics of the patients in the high (>15 U/ml) and low (≤15 U/ml) preoperative serum CA125 groups. The majority of the assessed variables were similar between the two groups. However, significant differences were noted in the platelet count, bilirubin, AFP and serum total bilirubin levels, which may be due to the patients with high AFP levels or severe liver damage having a tendency for long-term chronic liver disease and high serum CA125 levels. As presented in Table II, patients with high preoperative serum AFP levels were younger compared with those with low preoperative serum AFP levels (subgroup 1 vs. 2, P=0.001; subgroup 3 vs. 4, P<0.001). Patients with the same baseline AFP levels but with high serum CA125 levels presented with poorer liver function compared with that in patients with low serum CA125 levels. There were no significant differences in the preoperative liver function between the preoperative high and low serum AFP level groups when the baseline CA125 levels were the same.
 | Table I.Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between two groups of patients stratified by the CA125 levels. |
| Table II.Comparison of clinicopathologic characteristics among the patient subgroups stratified by CA125 and AFP levels. |
DFS and OS analysis
DFS
Patients in the low preoperative CA125 group presented with higher DFS rates compared with those in the high preoperative CA125 group (P=0.002; Fig. 2). The 1-, 2- and 3-year DFS rates in the low preoperative CA125 group were 93.5, 87.0 and 79.3%, respectively, whereas the corresponding rates in the high preoperative CA125 group were 100.0, 84.6 and 75.7%, respectively. Univariate analysis results demonstrated that male sex, platelet count <100×109/l, TNM stage III, tumor diameter >5 cm, multiple tumors, venous invasion, tumor differentiation, intraoperative blood loss >1,000 ml, intraoperative transfusion and high serum CA125 levels were independent risk factors associated with DFS (Table III). Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor diameter >5 cm, multiple tumors and vascular invasion at the time of resection were independent risk factors associated with short DFS (Table III).
OS
Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the OS rates in patients with preoperative serum CA125 levels ≤15 U/ml were significantly higher compared with those in patients with preoperative serum CA125 levels >15 U/ml (P<0.001; Fig. 3). The 1-, 2- and 3-year OS rates in the low preoperative serum CA125 group were 95.2, 86.9 and 84.4%, respectively, whereas the corresponding rates in the high preoperative serum CA125 group were 91.2, 83.1 and 77.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that sex, AFP >100 ng/ml, TNM stage III, tumor diameter >5 cm, multiple tumors, venous invasion, tumor differentiation, intraoperative blood loss >1,000 ml, intraoperative transfusion and serum CA125 levels were independent risk factors associated with OS (Table III). The results of the multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor diameter >5 cm, multiple tumors, venous invasion and preoperative serum CA125 levels were independent risk factors associated with short OS (Table III).
Analysis based on the stratification of preoperative serum CA125 and AFP levels
All patients were stratified by the baseline AFP and preoperative serum CA125 levels, and the association of CA125 levels with long-term prognosis was evaluated in each stratum. Table II summarizes the characteristics of these four subgroups.
Impact of preoperative serum CA125 levels on the prognosis of patients with high baseline AFP
In the 154 patients in the high preoperative serum AFP level group (subgroups 2 and 4), Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that high preoperative serum CA125 levels were associated with lower DFS and OS rates compared with those in the low CA125 group (both P<0.001; Fig. 4A and B). Univariate and multivariate Cox models revealed that high preoperative serum CA125 levels along with certain tumor characteristics (TNM stage III, tumor diameter >5 cm, multiple tumors and the presence of venous invasion) were risk factors for short DFS and OS rates in the high preoperative serum AFP group (Table IV).
| Table IV.Univariate and multivariate analyses of DFS and OS in patients with high preoperative serum AFP >100 ng/ml (n=154). |
Impact of preoperative serum CA125 levels on the prognosis of patients with low baseline AFP
Kaplan-Meier analysis identified no significant differences in the OS rates between the high and low preoperative serum CA125 level groups in patients with low baseline AFP levels (subgroup 1 vs. 3, P=0.136; Fig. 4B). Univariate analysis identified the following factors as significantly associated with OS: Diabetes, tumor size, tumor number, venous invasion, tumor differentiation and intraoperation transfusion. The results of the multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor size, venous invasion and intraoperative transfusion were independent risk factors for OS (Table V). In the DFS analysis, no significant differences were observed in the DFS rates between the high and low preoperative serum CA125 groups in patients with low baseline AFP levels (subgroup 1 vs. 3, P=0.743; Fig. 4A). Both univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that intraoperative transfusion and tumor size were prognostic factors associated with DFS and OS in these subgroups (Table V).
| Table V.Univariate and multivariate analyses of DFS and OS in patients with high preoperative serum AFP ≤100 ng/ml (n=152). |
Patients with high preoperative serum CA125 and AFP levels have a poor prognosis
Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that subgroup 4 had a significantly lower DFS rate compared with that in the other subgroups (subgroup 4 vs. 1, P<0.001; subgroup 4 vs. 2, P<0.001; and subgroup 4 vs. 3, P=0.009). Among subgroups 1, 2 and 3, the differences were not significant (Fig. 4). In addition, patients in subgroup 4 had a significantly lower OS rate compared with that in the other three subgroups (subgroup 4 vs. 1, P<0.001; subgroup 4 vs. 2, P<0.001; and subgroup 4 vs. 3, P=0.022). Comparisons between subgroups 2 and 3 and between subgroups 1 and 2 revealed no significant differences (Fig. 4).
Discussion
The key result of the present study was the identification of high preoperative serum CA125 levels as an independent risk factor for the prognosis of patients with HBV-related HCC. In addition, patients with both high preoperative serum CA125 and AFP levels presented with a poorer prognosis compared with that of patients with only high preoperative serum CA125 or AFP levels. However, no significant differences were observed in the DFS or OS rates between the high and low preoperative serum CA125 level groups in patients with baseline preoperative serum AFP levels ≤100 ng/ml. Thus, the present study identified a new approach to predict the prognosis of patients with HBV-related HCC patients using preoperative serum AFP and CA125 concentrations. This may provide a novel potential strategy to predict the prognosis and assess the course of treatment in patients with HBV-related HCC.
CA125 has been extensively used as a biomarker for ovarian cancer, and its upregulation has been observed in several types of human malignancy, such as lung, breast and pancreatic cancer (27–29). The normal reference value of CA125 is 0.1–35 U/ml (12); however, the 35 U/ml cutoff is not absolute. In one study, the serum CA125 concentration in healthy subjects was 7.9±8.0 (mean ± SD) in women and 8.0±9.4 U/ml in men (12). Another study reported that the concentration was 13.2±6.8 and 9.7±3.2 U/ml in women and men, respectively (30). With the benchmark cutoff of 35 U/ml, 28% of patients with non-gynecological cancers had elevated antigen levels; by contrast, antigen levels were elevated in >80% of women with non-mucinous ovarian cancer (12). Lopez et al (19) demonstrated that the CA125 cutoff values for patients with HCC were 55 U/ml in women and 12 U/ml in men. To date, the major focus of studies on CA125 levels and HCC was on the diagnosis, and only a limited number of studies have focused on the prognosis of HCC (13,15,24). In addition, the association between CA125 and prognosis in patients with HBV-related HCC has not been widely reported. The present study used a CA125 cutoff value of 15 U/ml to investigate the association between preoperative serum CA125 levels and the prognosis of patients with HBV-related HCC.
In the present study, patients with high preoperative serum CA125 levels had significantly higher DFS and OS rates compared with those with low serum CA125 levels in all study populations. Zhou et al (24) have reported that high preoperative serum CA125 levels predict a poor prognosis and large tumor sizes following liver resection in patients with HCC and AFP ≤200 ng/ml. However, the aforementioned study did not identify high preoperative serum CA125 levels as an independent risk factor for the prognosis of HCC. Although Huang et al (13) have demonstrated that high preoperative serum CA125 levels served as an independent prognostic factor of OS and DFS in patients with HCC, the cutoff values for CA125 and AFP levels in their study were 35 U/ml and 20 ng/ml, respectively. On the other hand, the 3-year overall survival rates in the normal and high CA125 HCC groups in their study were 53.6 and 36.4%, respectively (13), which were slightly lower compared with those observed in the present study. The main reason for these differences may be the inclusion of patients with non-HBV-related HCC in the previous study. In the present study, the results of the multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor diameter, multiple tumors and venous invasion were independent risk factors for DFS and OS, and a high preoperative serum CA125 level was an independent risk factor associated with a short OS time in patients with HBV-related HCC.
In the stratification analyses in the present study, a low preoperative serum CA125 level was associated with a favorable prognosis (both OS and DFS rates) in patients with high baseline AFP levels; the same was observed in patients with low preoperative serum AFP and high baseline CA125 levels. However, in patients with low baseline AFP levels, no significant differences were observed in the DFS or OS rates between the preoperative high and low serum CA125 level subgroups. A notable outcome of the present study was that patients with high preoperative serum CA125 and AFP levels presented with a poorer prognosis compared with that in the other three groups. Certain tumor characteristics of subgroup 4 (TNM stage III, tumor diameter, multiple tumors, presence of venous invasion and tumor differentiation) were associated with higher malignancy compared with those in the other groups, which may be due to the patients with both high preoperative serum CA125 and AFP levels exhibiting a tendency for a poor prognosis. A previous study has demonstrated that high serum AFP levels tend to indicate highly malignant tumors with histological features of aggressiveness such as poor differentiation, vascular invasion, satellitosis and a fast growth rate (31). High serum CA125 levels predict a large tumor diameter (24), which was observed in the present study in patients with the same baseline AFP levels. In the stratification analyses, multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor diameter, multiple tumors and the presence of venous invasion were independent risk factors for DFS and OS. Based on low preoperative serum AFP and CA125 levels, multivariate analysis demonstrated that intraoperative transfusion was an independent risk factor for DFS and OS. One previous meta-analysis has demonstrated that perioperative blood transfusion is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients following resection of HCC (32). The explanation proposed by the authors of the aforementioned study is that allogenic blood transfusion may induce immunosuppression and decrease natural killer (NK) cell and/or T helper cell activities. Thus, the prognosis of patients with HBV-related HCC may be associated not only with the biological characteristics of the tumor, but also with the perioperative management of patients.
However, further studies are required to determine the underlying mechanism of the effects of CA125 in tumor development. Previous studies have demonstrated that upregulation of CA125 leads to tumor growth and metastasis (33–35), which may explain the poor prognosis of patients with HBV-related HCC. The MUC16 gene, which is also termed CA125, has been identified to be one of the top three frequently mutated genes (36), and its upregulation has been associated with a poor prognosis in multiple types of malignancy, such as pancreatic cancer, cholangiocarcinoma and bladder cancer (21,37–39). CA125 has been demonstrated to modulate the innate immune response against ovarian cancer cells by directly inhibiting the function of NK cells, thus aiding cancer cells to escape the host immune response (40,41). In addition, MUC16 has been implicated in cancer cell signaling; knockdown of MUC16 expression inhibits the proliferation of ovarian and breast cancer cell lines by inducing caspase-dependent or independent apoptosis (42). Furthermore, the aforementioned study has also reported that MUC16 knockdown suppresses the colony-forming, adhesive, migratory and invasive abilities of ovarian and breast cancer cells. Thus, CA125 may become a novel target for the treatment of HBV-related HCC.
The present study identified that patients with high preoperative serum AFP levels were younger compared with those with low preoperative serum AFP levels, which was consistent with the results of a previous study (43). In addition, in the present study, patients with the same baseline AFP levels but with high serum CA125 levels presented with poorer liver function compared with that in patients with low serum CA125 levels, whereas no significant differences were observed in the preoperative liver function between the preoperative high and low serum AFP level groups when the baseline CA125 levels were the same. These results suggested that patients with high CA125 levels may have a longer liver disease history. Previous studies have reported that high levels of CA 125 were associated with the severity of liver disease, particularly in patients with cirrhosis (17,44,45), which is a late stage of liver disease; however, this should be validated in a prospective randomized controlled study by monitoring the dynamic levels of CA125. Therefore, the results of the current study should be interpreted carefully.
The present study had various limitations. First, the study utilized a retrospective design, and the patient sample size was relatively small following stratification. Second, a subset of patients who underwent surgery in 2018 was included; therefore, the follow-up was not sufficiently long, which potentially affected the survival analysis outcome. Third, the effect of abdominal inflammation before surgery could not be ruled out, and an increase in CA125 levels may be associated with peritoneal inflammation (17). Fourth, the dynamic changes in CA125 levels after surgery were not monitored, and whether high postoperative serum CA125 level is a risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with HBV-related HCC following resection is unknown. In addition, in the OS curves, a small gap was observed between subgroups 1 and 3, although no significant difference existed; thus, a longer follow-up period and a larger number of cases is required to address this issue. The results of the present study need to be validated further in prospective randomized large-sample multicenter studies.
In conclusion, the present study used a 15 U/ml cutoff value of CA125 and demonstrated that preoperative serum CA125 levels may be a prognostic factor for survival in patients with HBV-related HCC. However, in patients with low AFP levels, the association between preoperative serum CA125 levels and prognosis in HBV-related HCC remains unclear and requires further investigation.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Mr. Guangdou Yuan (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China) for his technical support.
Funding
This study was supported by The Liuzhou Medical Basic Research Foundation (grant no. 1ry201705) and the Self-funded Project of Guangxi Health Commission (grant no. Z20170685).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
CQ and SH conceived and designed the current study. CQ wrote and revised the manuscript. SH performed the majority of the experiments. YG participated in the research design, the collection, sorting and statistical analysis of research data, and helped to edit the manuscript. SH and CH confirmed the authenticity of all the raw data and analyzed statistical data. CH and JL interpreted the data and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study complied with the standards of the declaration of Helsinki and was approved by The Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Liuzhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University (approval no. 2020-KY-E-13-01). The need for informed consent was waived owing to the retrospective nature of the study.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Glossary
Abbreviations
Abbreviations:
|
HBV |
hepatitis B virus |
|
HCC |
hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
AST |
aspartate aminotransferase |
|
ALT |
alanine aminotransferase |
|
AFP |
α-fetoprotein |
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