Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
November-2021 Volume 22 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2021 Volume 22 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data1.pdf
    • Supplementary_Data2.xlsx
Article Open Access

GHSR methylation‑dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis

  • Authors:
    • Bilguun Tegshee
    • Kazuya Kondo
    • Shiho Soejima
    • Kyoka Muguruma
    • Mitsuhiro Tsuboi
    • Koichiro Kajiura
    • Yukikiyo Kawakami
    • Naoya Kawakita
    • Hiroaki Toba
    • Mitsuteru Yoshida
    • Hiromitsu Takizawa
    • Akira Tangoku
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oncological Medical Services, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770‑8509, Japan, Department of Thoracic, Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto‑cho, Tokushima 770‑8503, Japan
    Copyright: © Tegshee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 4.0].
  • Article Number: 793
    |
    Published online on: September 17, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.13054
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Our previous study reported that the DNA methylation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) was significantly higher in thymoma or thymic carcinoma (TC) than in normal thymic tissue samples. Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) with higher GHSR DNA methylation were associated with significantly worse prognosis than those with lower levels of DNA methylation. Diversified components of the ghrelin‑GHSR axis may exert opposing effects in cancer progression, depending on the cancer type in question. However, the precise function of the axis remains unclear. In the present study, the mRNA expression of five key components of the ghrelin system [native ligand ghrelin, variant ligand In‑1 ghrelin, native receptor GHSR1a, variant receptor GHSR1b and acylation enzyme ghrelin O‑acyltransferase (GOAT)] were examined in 58 TET samples by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, and protein expression of GHSR1a and GHSR1b was assessed in 20 TETs using immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that In‑1 ghrelin, GHSR1b (variant forms) and GOAT were more strongly expressed in thymoma compared with thymic‑adjacent tissue. By contrast, no significant differences were observed in the expression of ghrelin and GHSR1a (native forms) between thymoma and thymic tissue. The mRNA expression of In‑1 ghrelin and GHSR1b (variant forms) was positively associated with GHSR methylation in thymoma tissue samples. However, a relationship was not found between ghrelin, GHSR1a or GOAT expression (native forms) and GHSR methylation in thymoma. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that mRNA expression of GHSR1a and GHSR1b generally correlated with expression of the corresponding protein, and that the expression of GHSR1b was increased in advanced‑stage TETs. These results indicate that the DNA methylation of GHSR is associated with a shift from native expression (ghrelin and GHSR1a) to variant expression (In‑1 ghrelin and GHSR1b), which induces the tumorigenesis of thymoma, but not TC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Tateo V, Manuzzi L, De Giglio A, Parisi C, Lamberti G, Campana D and Pantaleo MA: Immunobiology of thymic epithelial tumors: Implications for immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci. 21:90562020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Travis WD, Brambilla E, Nicholson AG, Yatabe Y, Austin JH, Beasley MB, Chirieac LR, Dacic S, Duhig E, et al: The 2015 World Health Organization Classification of Lung Tumors: Impact of genetic, clinical and radiologic advances since the 2004 classification. J Thorac Oncol. 10:1243–1260. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Detterbeck FC, Nicholson AG, Kondo K, Van Schil P and Moran C: The Masaoka-Koga stage classification for thymic malignancies: clarification and definition of terms. J Thorac Oncol: Cancer. 6:S1710–1716. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Lababede O and Meziane MA: The eighth edition of TNM staging of lung cancer: Reference chart and diagrams. Oncologist. 23:844–848. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Kondo K: Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 62:468–474. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Shimosato Y, Mukai K and Matsuno Y: Tumors of the mediastinum. AFIP Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Series 4. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; Washington, DC: 2010

7 

Kondo K and Monden Y: Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors: A clinical study of 1,320 patients from Japan. Ann Thorac Surg. 76:878–885. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Berghmans T, Durieux V, Holbrechts S, Jungels C, Lafitte JJ, Meert AP, Moretti L, Ocak S, Roelandts M, et al: Systemic treatments for thymoma and thymic carcinoma: A systematic review. Lung Cancer. 126:25–31. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Girard N, Ruffini E, Marx A, Faivre-Finn C and Peters S: Thymic epithelial tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 26:v40–v55. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Scorsetti M, Leo F, Trama A, D'Angelillo R, Serpico D, Macerelli M, Zucali P, Gatta G and Garassino MC: Thymoma and thymic carcinomas. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 99:332–350. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Kelly RJ, Petrini I, Rajan A, Wang Y and Giaccone G: Thymic malignancies: from clinical management to targeted therapies. J Clin Oncol. 29:4820–4827. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Suzuki E, Sasaki H, Kawano O, Endo K, Haneda H, Yukiue H, Kobayashi Y, Yano M and Fujii Y: Expression and mutation statuses of epidermal growth factor receptor in thymic epithelial tumors. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 36:351–356. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Cimpean AM, Raica M, Encica S, Cornea R and Bocan V: Immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), and its receptors (VEGFR1, 2) in normal and pathologic conditions of the human thymus. Ann Anat. 190:238–245. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Girard N, Teruya-Feldstein J, Payabyab EC, Riely GJ, Rusch VW, Kris MG and Zakowski MF: Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression in thymic malignancies. J Thorac Oncol. 5:1439–1446. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Weissferdt A, Fujimoto J, Kalhor N, Rodriguez J, Bassett R, Wistuba II and Moran CA: Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in thymic epithelial neoplasms. Mod Pathol. 30:826–833. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Zucali PA, De Pas T, Palmieri G, Favaretto A, Chella A, Tiseo M, Caruso M, Simonelli M, Perrino M, et al: Phase II study of everolimus in patients with thymoma and thymic carcinoma previously treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 36:342–349. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Thomas A, Rajan A, Berman A, Tomita Y, Brzezniak C, Lee MJ, Lee S, Ling A, Spittler AJ, et al: Sunitinib in patients with chemotherapy-refractory thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 16:177–186. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Kishibuchi R, Kondo K, Soejima S, Tsuboi M, Kajiura K, Kawakami Y, Kawakita N, Sawada T, Toba H, et al: DNA methylation of GHSR, GNG4, HOXD9 and SALL3 is a common epigenetic alteration in thymic carcinoma. Int J Oncol. 56:315–326. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Moskalev EA, Jandaghi P, Fallah M, Manoochehri M, Botla SK, Kolychev OV, Nikitin EA, Bubnov VV, von Knebel Doeberitz M, et al: GHSR DNA hypermethylation is a common epigenetic alteration of high diagnostic value in a broad spectrum of cancers. Oncotarget. 6:4418–4427. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Kojima M and Kangawa K: Ghrelin: Structure and Function. Physiol Rev. 85:495–522. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cully DF, Arena JP, Liberator PA, Rosenblum CI, Hamelin M, Hreniuk DL, Palyha OC, et al: A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science. 273:974–977. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Seim I, Herington AC and Chopin LK: New insights into the molecular complexity of the ghrelin gene locus. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 20:297–304. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Travis WD, Brambilla E, Burke AP, Marx A and Nicholson AG: introduction to the 2015 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the lung, pleura, thymus, and heart. J Thorac Oncol. 10:1240–1242. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Luque RM, Sampedro-Nuñez M, Gahete MD, Ramos-Levi A, Ibáñez-Costa A, Rivero-Cortés E, Serrano-Somavilla A, Adrados M, Culler MD, et al: In1-ghrelin, a splice variant of ghrelin gene, is associated with the evolution and aggressiveness of human neuroendocrine tumors: Evidence from clinical, cellular and molecular parameters. Oncotarget. 6:19619–19633. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Lin T-C and Hsiao M: Ghrelin and cancer progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 1868:51–57. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Volante M, Allia E, Fulcheri E, Cassoni P, Ghigo E, Muccioli G and Papotti M: Ghrelin in fetal thyroid and follicular tumors and cell lines: expression and effects on tumor growth. Am J Pathol. 162:645–654. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Cassoni P, Papotti M, Ghè C, Catapano F, Sapino A, Graziani A, Deghenghi R, Reissmann T, Ghigo E, et al: Identification, characterization, and biological activity of specific receptors for natural (ghrelin) and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues and analogs in human breast carcinomas and cell lines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86:1738–1745. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Bai RX, Wang WP, Zhao PW and Li CB: Ghrelin attenuates the growth of HO-8910 ovarian cancer cells through the ERK pathway. Braz J Med Biol Res. 49:e50432016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Díaz-Lezama N, Hernández-Elvira M, Sandoval A, Monroy A, Felix R and Monjaraz E: Ghrelin inhibits proliferation and increases T-type Ca2+ channel expression in PC-3 human prostate carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 403:24–29. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Cassoni P, Allia E, Marrocco T, Ghè C, Ghigo E, Muccioli G and Papotti M: Ghrelin and cortistatin in lung cancer: Expression of peptides and related receptors in human primary tumors and in vitro effect on the H345 small cell carcinoma cell line. J Endocrinol Invest. 29:781–790. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Lin TC, Liu YP, Chan YC, Su CY, Lin YF, Hsu SL, Yang CS and Hsiao M: Ghrelin promotes renal cell carcinoma metastasis via Snail activation and is associated with poor prognosis. J Pathol. 237:50–61. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Dixit VD, Weeraratna AT, Yang H, Bertak D, Cooper-Jenkins A, Riggins GJ, Eberhart CG and Taub DD: Ghrelin and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor constitute a novel autocrine pathway in astrocytoma motility. J Biol Chem. 281:16681–16690. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Waseem T, Javaid ur R, Ahmad F, Azam M and Qureshi MA: Role of ghrelin axis in colorectal cancer: A novel association. Peptides. 29:1369–1376. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Duxbury MS, Waseem T, Ito H, Robinson MK, Zinner MJ, Ashley SW and Whang EE: Ghrelin promotes pancreatic adenocarcinoma cellular proliferation and invasiveness. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 309:464–468. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Ibáñez-Costa A, Gahete MD, Rivero-Cortés E, Rincón-Fernández D, Nelson R, Beltrán M, de la Riva A, Japón MA, Venegas-Moreno E, et al: In1-ghrelin splicing variant is overexpressed in pituitary adenomas and increases their aggressive features. Sci Rep. 5:87142015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Hormaechea-Agulla D, Gahete MD, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Gómez-Gómez E, Ibáñez-Costa A, L-López F, Rivero-Cortés E, Sarmento-Cabral A, Valero-Rosa J, et al: The oncogenic role of the In1-ghrelin splicing variant in prostate cancer aggressiveness. Mol Cancer. 16:1462017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Gahete MD, Córdoba-Chacón J, Hergueta-Redondo M, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Kineman RD, Moreno-Bueno G, Luque RM and Castaño JP: A Novel Human Ghrelin Variant (In1-Ghrelin) and Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase Are Overexpressed in Breast Cancer: Potential Pathophysiological Relevance. PLoS One. 6:e233022011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Rincón-Fernández D, Culler MD, Tsomaia N, Moreno-Bueno G, Luque RM, Gahete MD and Castaño JP: In1-ghrelin splicing variant is associated with reduced disease-free survival of breast cancer patients and increases malignancy of breast cancer cells lines. Carcinogenesis. 39:447–457. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Jeffery PL, Murray RE, Yeh AH, McNamara JF, Duncan RP, Francis GD, Herington AC and Chopin LK: Expression and function of the ghrelin axis, including a novel preproghrelin isoform, in human breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Endocr Relat Cancer. 12:839–850. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Barzon L, Pacenti M, Masi G, Stefani AL, Fincati K and Palù G: Loss of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a and overexpression of type 1b receptor transcripts in human adrenocortical tumors. Oncology. 68:414–421. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Herrera-Martínez AD, Gahete MD, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Salas RO, Serrano-Blanch R, Salvatierra Á, Hofland LJ, Luque RM, Gálvez-Moreno MA, et al: The components of somatostatin and ghrelin systems are altered in neuroendocrine lung carcinoids and associated to clinical-histological features. Lung Cancer. The components of somatostatin and ghrelin systems are altered in neuroendocrine lung carcinoids and associated to clinical-histological features. Lung Cancer. 109:128–136. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

De Vriese C, Grégoire Fo, De Neef P, Robberecht P and Delporte C: Ghrelin is produced by the human erythroleukemic HEL cell line and involved in an autocrine pathway leading to cell proliferation. Endocrinology. 146:1514–1522. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Leung PK, Chow KB, Lau PN, Chu KM, Chan CB, Cheng CH and Wise H: The truncated ghrelin receptor polypeptide (GHS-R1b) acts as a dominant-negative mutant of the ghrelin receptor. Cell Signal. 19:1011–1022. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Takahashi K, Furukawa C, Takano A, Ishikawa N, Kato T, Hayama S, Suzuki C, Yasui W, Inai K, et al: The neuromedin U-growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1b/neurotensin receptor 1 oncogenic signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for lung cancer. Cancer Res. 66:9408–9419. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Gómez-Gómez E, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Carrasco-Valiente J, Herrero-Aguayo V, Blanca-Pedregosa AM, León-González AJ, Valero-Rosa J, Fernández-Rueda JL, González-Serrano T, et al: Plasma ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme levels: A novel non-invasive diagnosis tool for patients with significant prostate cancer. J Cell Mol Med. 22:5688–5697. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Herrera-Martínez AD, Gahete MD, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Alors-Perez E, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Serrano-Blanch R, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP, et al: Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme as a novel potential biomarker in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 9:1962018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Jones PA and Baylin SB: The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet. 3:415–428. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Brena RM, Plass C and Costello JF: Mining methylation for early detection of common cancers. PLoS Med. 3:e4792006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Ordway JM, Budiman MA, Korshunova Y, Maloney RK, Bedell JA, Citek RW, Bacher B, Peterson S, Rohlfing T, et al: Identification of Novel High-Frequency DNA Methylation Changes in Breast Cancer. PLoS One. 2:e13142007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Daugaard I, Dominguez D, Kjeldsen TE, Kristensen LS, Hager H, Wojdacz TK and Hansen LL: Identification and validation of candidate epigenetic biomarkers in lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep. 6:358072016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Nakagawa T, Matsusaka K, Misawa K, Ota S, Takane K, Fukuyo M, Rahmutulla B, Shinohara KI, Kunii N, et al: Frequent promoter hypermethylation associated with human papillomavirus infection in pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Lett. 407:21–31. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Verlaat W, Snijders PJF, Novianti PW, Wilting SM, De Strooper LM, Trooskens G, Vandersmissen J, Van Criekinge W, Wisman GB, et al: Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling reveals methylation markers associated with 3q gain for detection of cervical precancer and cancer. Clin Cancer Res:. 23:3813–3822. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Coppede F, Stoccoro A, Lazzarotti A, Spisni R and Migliore L: Investigation of GHSR and GHRL methylation in colorectal cancer. Epigenomics. 10:1525–1539. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Coppedè F, Stoccoro A, Nicolì V, Gallo R, De Rosa A, Guida M, Maestri M, Lucchi M, Ricciardi R, et al: Investigation of GHSR methylation levels in thymomas from patients with Myasthenia Gravis. Gene. 752:1447742020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Tegshee B, Kondo K, Soejima S, Muguruma K, Tsuboi M, Kajiura K, Kawakami Y, Kawakita N, Toba H, Yoshida M, Yoshida M, et al: <em>GHSR</em> methylation‑dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis. Oncol Lett 22: 793, 2021.
APA
Tegshee, B., Kondo, K., Soejima, S., Muguruma, K., Tsuboi, M., Kajiura, K. ... Tangoku, A. (2021). <em>GHSR</em> methylation‑dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis. Oncology Letters, 22, 793. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.13054
MLA
Tegshee, B., Kondo, K., Soejima, S., Muguruma, K., Tsuboi, M., Kajiura, K., Kawakami, Y., Kawakita, N., Toba, H., Yoshida, M., Takizawa, H., Tangoku, A."<em>GHSR</em> methylation‑dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis". Oncology Letters 22.5 (2021): 793.
Chicago
Tegshee, B., Kondo, K., Soejima, S., Muguruma, K., Tsuboi, M., Kajiura, K., Kawakami, Y., Kawakita, N., Toba, H., Yoshida, M., Takizawa, H., Tangoku, A."<em>GHSR</em> methylation‑dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis". Oncology Letters 22, no. 5 (2021): 793. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.13054
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Tegshee B, Kondo K, Soejima S, Muguruma K, Tsuboi M, Kajiura K, Kawakami Y, Kawakita N, Toba H, Yoshida M, Yoshida M, et al: <em>GHSR</em> methylation‑dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis. Oncol Lett 22: 793, 2021.
APA
Tegshee, B., Kondo, K., Soejima, S., Muguruma, K., Tsuboi, M., Kajiura, K. ... Tangoku, A. (2021). <em>GHSR</em> methylation‑dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis. Oncology Letters, 22, 793. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.13054
MLA
Tegshee, B., Kondo, K., Soejima, S., Muguruma, K., Tsuboi, M., Kajiura, K., Kawakami, Y., Kawakita, N., Toba, H., Yoshida, M., Takizawa, H., Tangoku, A."<em>GHSR</em> methylation‑dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis". Oncology Letters 22.5 (2021): 793.
Chicago
Tegshee, B., Kondo, K., Soejima, S., Muguruma, K., Tsuboi, M., Kajiura, K., Kawakami, Y., Kawakita, N., Toba, H., Yoshida, M., Takizawa, H., Tangoku, A."<em>GHSR</em> methylation‑dependent expression of a variant ligand and receptor of the ghrelin system induces thymoma tumorigenesis". Oncology Letters 22, no. 5 (2021): 793. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.13054
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team