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Cervical cancer, geographical inequalities, prevention and barriers in resource depleted countries (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Anna Bogdanova
    • Charles Andrawos
    • Constantina Constantinou
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    Affiliations: Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY‑1700 Nicosia, Republic of Cyprus
    Copyright: © Bogdanova et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 113
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    Published online on: February 9, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2022.13233
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Abstract

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a current global issue, with >90% of cervical cancer cases being attributed to human papilloma virus (HPV). The highest burden of cervical cancer is reported in resource‑depleted geographical areas with a high incidence of HPV infection. Recent developments in primary prevention include vaccinations against specific strains of HPV and the psychoeducation of the public. Yet, despite the availability of vaccinations, there is high incidence of both HPV and cervical cancer in developing countries, which is attributed to a multitude of barriers including inaccessibility to expensive vaccines. With regards to secondary prevention, progress is actively being made to develop more effective methods of screening and to specifically address the needs of low‑income countries. In the past few years, more novel screening methods, such as self‑assessment kits, immunohistochemistry and methylation marker analysis, have been developed. Barriers to screening in resource‑depleted countries include limited financial resources and infrastructure to develop screening programmes, a lack of screening programmes that are accessible to populations, inadequate training of healthcare teams and stigma related to medical examinations performed as part of screening. Developing primary and secondary prevention programs, as well as addressing the barriers involved in countries with low socioeconomic levels, can drastically reduce morbidity and mortality rates associated with cervical cancer, thus reducing the burden associated with this gynaecological malignancy.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Bogdanova A, Andrawos C and Constantinou C: Cervical cancer, geographical inequalities, prevention and barriers in resource depleted countries (Review). Oncol Lett 23: 113, 2022.
APA
Bogdanova, A., Andrawos, C., & Constantinou, C. (2022). Cervical cancer, geographical inequalities, prevention and barriers in resource depleted countries (Review). Oncology Letters, 23, 113. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2022.13233
MLA
Bogdanova, A., Andrawos, C., Constantinou, C."Cervical cancer, geographical inequalities, prevention and barriers in resource depleted countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 23.4 (2022): 113.
Chicago
Bogdanova, A., Andrawos, C., Constantinou, C."Cervical cancer, geographical inequalities, prevention and barriers in resource depleted countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 23, no. 4 (2022): 113. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2022.13233
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Bogdanova A, Andrawos C and Constantinou C: Cervical cancer, geographical inequalities, prevention and barriers in resource depleted countries (Review). Oncol Lett 23: 113, 2022.
APA
Bogdanova, A., Andrawos, C., & Constantinou, C. (2022). Cervical cancer, geographical inequalities, prevention and barriers in resource depleted countries (Review). Oncology Letters, 23, 113. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2022.13233
MLA
Bogdanova, A., Andrawos, C., Constantinou, C."Cervical cancer, geographical inequalities, prevention and barriers in resource depleted countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 23.4 (2022): 113.
Chicago
Bogdanova, A., Andrawos, C., Constantinou, C."Cervical cancer, geographical inequalities, prevention and barriers in resource depleted countries (Review)". Oncology Letters 23, no. 4 (2022): 113. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2022.13233
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