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Article Open Access

Proteomics analysis reveals elevated RAB21 in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles from patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma

  • Authors:
    • Kyojiro Kawakami
    • Naoki Edo
    • Koji Morita
    • Toshio Ishikawa
    • Hiroyuki Onose
    • Tatsuya Fukumori
    • Hiroki Tsumoto
    • Keitaro Umezawa
    • Masafumi Ito
    • Yuri Miura
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Proteome Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo 173‑0015, Japan, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173‑8605, Japan, Department of Internal Medicine, Kanaji Thyroid Hospital, Tokyo 114‑0015, Japan, Department of Surgery, Kanaji Thyroid Hospital, Tokyo 114‑0015, Japan
    Copyright: © Kawakami et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 444
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    Published online on: July 16, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15190
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Abstract

Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is a common thyroid malignancy that poses diagnostic challenges because of its cytological similarity to benign follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA). The present study aimed to identify characteristic protein signatures in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) of FTC and FTA for potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Serum EVs from patients with FTC and FTA were purified using the phosphatidylserine affinity method. Proteomics analysis via nano liquid chromatography‑tandem mass spectrometry identified 18 significantly differentially expressed proteins between the two patient groups. RAB21, a small GTPase involved in cellular trafficking, was markedly elevated in serum EVs from patients with FTC. Furthermore, cell invasion and migration assays of a human FTC cell line revealed that RAB21 knockdown reduced cell migratory ability, suggesting its role in the malignant phenotype of FTC. The present findings indicated that RAB21 in serum EVs may be a candidate biomarker able to distinguish FTC from FTA, and that RAB21 could be a potential therapeutic target for FTC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Features of EV fractions purified
using the phosphatidylserine affinity purification method. (A)
Western blot images of EV protein markers. Uncropped images of
blots are shown in Fig. S1A. (B)
Representative images of the particle size distribution from FTC
and FTA patients. The particle size was measured using a qNano
particle size analyzer. FLOT2, flotillin-2; EV, extracellular
vesicle; FTA, follicular thyroid adenoma; FTC, follicular thyroid
carcinoma; FT-UMP, follicular tumor of uncertain malignant
potential.

Figure 2

Heatmap and volcano plot of proteomic
analysis of EVs from FTC and FTA patients. (A) Heatmap of
differentially expressed proteins in EVs derived from FTC patients.
(B) Volcano plot of all proteins detected in serum EVs from
patients. Raw data of fold changes and P-values are summarized in
Table SIII. Down, protein
downregulated in FTC; NS, not significant; Up, protein upregulated
in FTC; EVs, extracellular vesicles; FTA, follicular thyroid
adenoma; FTC, follicular thyroid carcinoma.

Figure 3

Western blot analysis of RAB21 in
serum EVs from patients with FTA and FTC. (A) Representative images
of western blotting using anti-RAB21 and anti-CD9 antibodies.
Numbers indicate patient samples: FTA (1–8), FTC
(9–13); † indicates the FT-UMP case.
Uncropped images of blots are shown in Fig. S1B. (B) Bar graph of immunopositive
band intensities of RAB21. Data are presented as the mean±SD (FTA,
n=8; FTC, n=5). *P<0.05. Densitometry of the band intensities
was performed using ImageJ software (version 1.54d). EVs,
extracellular vesicles; FTA, follicular thyroid adenoma; FTC,
follicular thyroid carcinoma; FT-UMP, follicular tumor of uncertain
malignant potential; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 4

Effect of RAB21 knockdown on FTC-133
cell invasion and migration. (A) Western blot images of RAB21 KD
and NC in FTC-133 cells. Uncropped images of blots are shown in
Fig. S1C. (B) Cell invasion assay
using RAB21-KD cells. The number of cells that passed through the
Matrigel layer was determined and compared between RAB21-KD cells
and NC cells. Left panels and right bar graph show images of
stained cells that passed through the Matrigel layer and a graph of
each cell number, respectively. Scale bar, 1 mm. Bar graphs show
the mean ± SD (n=7). (C) Cell migration assay of RAB21-KD cells.
The cells were cultured for 30 h after being scratched with a
pipette tip. The cell migration rate was calculated by comparing
the wound areas at 0 and 30 h, as described in the Materials and
methods section. Left panels and right box plot show images of
cells at 0 and 30 h, and a graph of the cell migration rate
compared to the control, respectively. Scale bar, 300 µm. Box plots
represent the median, with whiskers extending from the 10th to the
90th percentile (n=36). *P<0.05. KD, knockdown; NC, negative
control; SD, standard deviation.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kawakami K, Edo N, Morita K, Ishikawa T, Onose H, Fukumori T, Tsumoto H, Umezawa K, Ito M, Miura Y, Miura Y, et al: Proteomics analysis reveals elevated RAB21 in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles from patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 30: 444, 2025.
APA
Kawakami, K., Edo, N., Morita, K., Ishikawa, T., Onose, H., Fukumori, T. ... Miura, Y. (2025). Proteomics analysis reveals elevated RAB21 in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles from patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 30, 444. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15190
MLA
Kawakami, K., Edo, N., Morita, K., Ishikawa, T., Onose, H., Fukumori, T., Tsumoto, H., Umezawa, K., Ito, M., Miura, Y."Proteomics analysis reveals elevated RAB21 in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles from patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma". Oncology Letters 30.3 (2025): 444.
Chicago
Kawakami, K., Edo, N., Morita, K., Ishikawa, T., Onose, H., Fukumori, T., Tsumoto, H., Umezawa, K., Ito, M., Miura, Y."Proteomics analysis reveals elevated RAB21 in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles from patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma". Oncology Letters 30, no. 3 (2025): 444. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15190
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kawakami K, Edo N, Morita K, Ishikawa T, Onose H, Fukumori T, Tsumoto H, Umezawa K, Ito M, Miura Y, Miura Y, et al: Proteomics analysis reveals elevated RAB21 in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles from patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 30: 444, 2025.
APA
Kawakami, K., Edo, N., Morita, K., Ishikawa, T., Onose, H., Fukumori, T. ... Miura, Y. (2025). Proteomics analysis reveals elevated RAB21 in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles from patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 30, 444. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15190
MLA
Kawakami, K., Edo, N., Morita, K., Ishikawa, T., Onose, H., Fukumori, T., Tsumoto, H., Umezawa, K., Ito, M., Miura, Y."Proteomics analysis reveals elevated RAB21 in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles from patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma". Oncology Letters 30.3 (2025): 444.
Chicago
Kawakami, K., Edo, N., Morita, K., Ishikawa, T., Onose, H., Fukumori, T., Tsumoto, H., Umezawa, K., Ito, M., Miura, Y."Proteomics analysis reveals elevated RAB21 in serum‑derived extracellular vesicles from patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma". Oncology Letters 30, no. 3 (2025): 444. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15190
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