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Article

Novel biomarkers for prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer 

  • Authors:
    • Maria Goulielmaki
    • Savvas Stokidis
    • Theodoros Anagnostou
    • Angelos D. Gritzapis
    • Ourania E. Tsitsilonis
    • Constantin N. Baxevanis
    • Sotirios P. Fortis
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece, Department of Urology, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece, Section of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
  • Article Number: 512
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    Published online on: September 4, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15258
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Abstract

The outcome for patients with localized prostate cancer (LPCa) is markedly variable, with different survival rates. The objective of the present study was to investigate how the levels of blood‑related soluble factors and the densities of immune T‑cell subsets could impact the prognosis of LPCa. The progression‑free survival of 139 patients with LPCa was retrospectively analyzed after standard treatments. Survival was revealed to be associated with the levels of circulating HER‑2/neu extracellular domain (HER‑ECD), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and interleukin‑8 (IL‑8), as well as with the frequencies of total and prostate‑specific antigen (PSA)‑peptide‑specific CD8+ T‑cell subsets. Based on these analyses, patients with LPCa could be grouped into those having lower levels of HER‑ECD, TGFβ and IL‑8 [designated as the favorable biosignature (FB)] and increased survival, and those with higher levels [designated as the unfavorable biosignature (UB)] and decreased survival. Patients with the FB exhibited significantly higher densities of total circulating effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells and lower densities of the corresponding CD8+ terminal EM (TEMRA) T cells as compared with the group of patients with localized disease and decreased survival (UB group). Notably, patients bearing the FB had similarly high survival irrespective of their Gleason score. Moreover, patients with the FB had preexisting immunity to PSA, expressed by increased frequencies of PSA(153‑161) peptide‑specific EM CD8+ T cells in the context of decreased numbers of PSA(153‑161) peptide‑specific TEMRA CD8+ T cells. The present data indicated the prognostic potential of circulating HER‑ECD, TGFβ and IL‑8 levels, and of CD8+ EM and TEMRA cell frequencies for risk stratification of patients with LPCa.
View Figures

Figure 1

Plasma HER-ECD and cytokine levels of
patients with LPCa (n=139). The graph depicts the levels of (A)
TGFβ, (B) HER-ECD and (C) IL-8 in the peripheral blood of LPCa
patients with biochemical recurrence post-radical prostatectomy and
castration-resistance after the start period of hormonal treatment
as clinical endpoints. Horizontal bars show median values of all
data points. LPCa, localized prostate cancer. HER-ECD, HER-2/neu
extracellular domain; LPCa, localized prostate cancer; TGFβ,
transforming growth factor β; IL-8, interleukin-8.

Figure 2

Survival of localized PCa patients is
associated with the levels of plasma cytokines and HER-ECD.
Kaplan-Meier curves for progression-free survival, defined as
time-to-progression to biochemical recurrence post-radical
prostatectomy and to castration-resistance from
castration-sensitive disease, in PCa patients were designed based
on the median plasma levels of TGFβ, IL-8 and HER-ECD. (A) Patients
were categorized into four groups based on the plasma levels of
TGFβ, IL-8 and HER-ECD: All three below median (n=24) (Group 1);
any two of three below median (n=46) (Group 2); all three above
median (n=31) (Group 3); and any two of three above median (n=38)
(Group 4). The first two groups compose the FB while the latter two
compose the UB. Statistically significant differences were revealed
for Group 3 vs. 1 (log-rank P=0.0005, HR=0.06768), Group 3 vs. 2
(log-rank P=0.0001, HR=0.1760), Group 4 vs. 1 (log-rank P=0.0006,
HR=0.07137), and Group 4 vs. 2 (log-rank P<0.0001, HR=0.1652).
(B) Patients were categorized into two groups based on the plasma
levels of TGFβ, IL-8 and HER-ECD: All three below median and any
two of three below median (the FB; n=70) (Group 1); all three above
median and two out of three above median (the UB; n=69) (Group 2).
PCa, prostate cancer; HER-ECD, HER-2/neu extracellular domain;
TGFβ, transforming growth factor β; IL-8, interleukin-8; FB,
favorable biosignature; UB, unfavorable biosignature; HR, hazard
ratio.

Figure 3

Comparison of the densities of
CD8+ T-cell subsets between localized prostate cancer
patients with the FB and high survival, and those with the UB and
low survival. The graphs depict % frequencies of (A) EM T cells
(n=48 in both patient groups), (B) TEMRA T cells (n=51 in both
patient groups), (C) CM T cells (n=51 for the UB; n=52 for the FB)
and (D) naïve CD8+ T cells (n=50 for the UB; n=51 for
the FB) between the two groups of patients. Black bars show median
values of all data points. Statistically significant differences in
the frequencies of cell subsets between the examined groups of
patients were identified by performing non-parametric Mann-Whitney
(unpaired) tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically
significant. ****P<0.0001. FB, favorable biosignature; UB,
unfavorable biosignature; EM, effector memory; TEMRA, terminal
effector memory; CM, central memory.

Figure 4

Differences in the densities of
HLA-A24-restricted PSA(153–161) peptide-specific
CD8+ T-cell subsets in the prostate cancer patient
population with localized disease having the FB and high survival
or the UB and low survival. (A) Frequencies of EM
PSA(153–161) peptide-specific CD8+ T cells in
high survival (FB) patients (n=20) and in low survival (UB)
patients (n=22). (B) Frequencies of TEMRA PSA(153–161)
peptide-specific CD8+ T cells in high survival (FB)
patients (n=25) and in low survival (UB) patients (n=23). The
results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Statistically
significant differences in the frequencies of cell subsets between
the examined groups of patients were identified by non-parametric
Mann-Whitney (unpaired) tests. P<0.05 was considered
statistically significant. **P<0.01; ****P<0.0001. HLA, human
leukocyte antigen; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; FB, favorable
biosignature; UB, unfavorable biosignature; EM, effector memory;
TEMRA, terminal effector memory.

Figure 5

GS-based tumor grading does not
affect plasma cytokine and HER-ECD levels, CD8+ T-cell
subsets, and clinical outcome in patients with localized prostate
cancer and high survival. (A) Comparison of HER-ECD and plasma
cytokine (TGFβ and IL-8) levels between subgroups of patients
stratified by low (n=36) vs. high (n=34) GS. (B) Comparison of the
densities of EM and TEMRA CD8+ T-cell subsets between
subgroups of patients stratified by low (n=25 for EM; n=26 for
TEMRA) vs. high GS (n=23 for EM; n=24 for TEMRA). (C) Differences
in the densities of PSA(153–161) peptide-specific
CD8+ T-cell subsets between subgroups of the HLA-A24
restricted patients stratified by low GS (n=10 for EM; n=12 for
TEMRA) vs. high GS (n=10 for EM; n=13 for TEMRA). Results in A, B
and C are presented as mean ± standard deviation. (D) Kaplan-Meier
curves for progression-free survival, defined as
time-to-progression to biochemical recurrence post-radical
prostatectomy and to castration-resistance from
castration-sensitive disease, in patients stratified by low vs.
high GS. Statistical significance was investigated by performing
(A-C) non-parametric Mann-Whitney (unpaired) tests and the (D)
log-rank test for survival. No statistically significant results
were obtained (P>0.05 in all comparisons). GS, Gleason score;
HER-ECD, HER-2/neu extracellular domain; TGFβ, transforming growth
factor β; IL-8, interleukin-8; EM, effector memory; TEMRA, terminal
effector memory; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; PSA,
prostate-specific antigen.

Figure 6

GS-based tumor grading is associated
with plasma cytokine and HER-ECD levels, CD8+ T-cell
subsets, and clinical outcome in patients with localized prostate
cancer. (A) Comparison of TGFβ, HER-ECD, and IL-8 levels between
subgroups of patients stratified by low (n=33) vs. high grade
tumors (n=36). The results are presented as mean ± SD. (B)
Comparison of the densities of CD8+ T-cell subsets
between subgroups of patients stratified by low vs. high GS. For EM
cells and low GS, n=20; for EM cells and high GS, n=21. For TEMRA
cells, n=23 and n=28 for low vs. high GS, respectively. The results
are presented as mean ± SD. (C) Differences in the densities of
PSA(153–161) peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell
subsets between subgroups of the HLA-A24-restricted patients
stratified by low vs. high GS. For EM cells, n=10 and n=12 for low
vs. high GS, respectively; for TEMRA cells, n=11 and n=12 for low
vs. high GS, respectively. Results in A, B, and C are presented as
mean ± SD. (D) Kaplan-Meier curves for progression-free survival,
defined as time-to-progression to biochemical recurrence
post-radical prostatectomy and to castration-resistance from
castration-sensitive disease, in patients stratified by low vs.
high GS. Statistical significance was investigated by (A-C)
non-parametric Mann-Whitney (unpaired) tests and the (D) log-rank
test for survival. P<0.05 were considered statistically
significant. ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001. GS, Gleason score;
HER-ECD, HER-2/neu extracellular domain; TGFβ, transforming growth
factor β; IL-8, interleukin-8; SD, standard deviation; EM, effector
memory; TEMRA, terminal effector memory; HLA, human leukocyte
antigen; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Goulielmaki M, Stokidis S, Anagnostou T, Gritzapis AD, Tsitsilonis OE, Baxevanis CN and Fortis SP: Novel biomarkers for prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer&nbsp;. Oncol Lett 30: 512, 2025.
APA
Goulielmaki, M., Stokidis, S., Anagnostou, T., Gritzapis, A.D., Tsitsilonis, O.E., Baxevanis, C.N., & Fortis, S.P. (2025). Novel biomarkers for prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer&nbsp;. Oncology Letters, 30, 512. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15258
MLA
Goulielmaki, M., Stokidis, S., Anagnostou, T., Gritzapis, A. D., Tsitsilonis, O. E., Baxevanis, C. N., Fortis, S. P."Novel biomarkers for prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer&nbsp;". Oncology Letters 30.5 (2025): 512.
Chicago
Goulielmaki, M., Stokidis, S., Anagnostou, T., Gritzapis, A. D., Tsitsilonis, O. E., Baxevanis, C. N., Fortis, S. P."Novel biomarkers for prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer&nbsp;". Oncology Letters 30, no. 5 (2025): 512. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15258
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Goulielmaki M, Stokidis S, Anagnostou T, Gritzapis AD, Tsitsilonis OE, Baxevanis CN and Fortis SP: Novel biomarkers for prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer&nbsp;. Oncol Lett 30: 512, 2025.
APA
Goulielmaki, M., Stokidis, S., Anagnostou, T., Gritzapis, A.D., Tsitsilonis, O.E., Baxevanis, C.N., & Fortis, S.P. (2025). Novel biomarkers for prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer&nbsp;. Oncology Letters, 30, 512. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15258
MLA
Goulielmaki, M., Stokidis, S., Anagnostou, T., Gritzapis, A. D., Tsitsilonis, O. E., Baxevanis, C. N., Fortis, S. P."Novel biomarkers for prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer&nbsp;". Oncology Letters 30.5 (2025): 512.
Chicago
Goulielmaki, M., Stokidis, S., Anagnostou, T., Gritzapis, A. D., Tsitsilonis, O. E., Baxevanis, C. N., Fortis, S. P."Novel biomarkers for prognosis in patients with localized prostate cancer&nbsp;". Oncology Letters 30, no. 5 (2025): 512. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15258
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