Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
December-2025 Volume 30 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2025 Volume 30 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Peripheral blood tumor marker levels can indicate the location of lung cancer metastasis

  • Authors:
    • Jiahao Wang
    • Xiaobo Wang
    • Yingjia Mao
    • Hongmei Niu
    • Fuqian Zhao
    • Daofu Shen
    • Lei Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Emergency, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China, Medical Laboratory Center, Chifeng Municipal Hospital/Chifeng Clinical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 024000, P.R. China, Precision Medicine Sequencing Center, North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 545
    |
    Published online on: September 23, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15291
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Early detection of lung cancer metastasis is of great importance for improving patient survival and reducing the economic and social burden of the disease. Omics analysis is widely used in the screening of tumor markers. However, effective markers that can indicate tumor metastasis in tissues and organs have not been screened out. The present study aimed to use the existing commonly used clinical tumor marker detection indicators to simply indicate possible metastatic organs through abnormal changes in their content. For this, three types of lung cancer, namely, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), were selected for analysis. Patients of each type were grouped according to whether the tumor metastasized and whether it metastasized to a single tissue or organ, such as the lymph nodes, pleura, bones, liver and brain. The pre‑treatment peripheral serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA)15‑3, CA125, CA19‑9, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen and cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21‑1 (CYFRA21‑1) levels were recorded. The tumor markers that differed from the non‑metastasis group were preliminarily determined by one‑way analysis of variance, and the ROC curve method was used to determine the marker's ability to evaluate metastasis to a certain organ. In LUAD, compared with levels in patients without metastasis, CA15‑3 and CA19‑9 levels were significantly increased in the group with lymph node metastasis, only the CA15‑3 level was significantly increased in the group with pleural metastasis, CEA, CA15‑3 and CA125 levels were significantly increased in the group with bone metastasis, only the CA125 level was significantly increased in the group with liver metastasis and only the CYFRA21‑1 level was significantly increased in the group with brain metastasis. Compared with that in LUAD without metastasis, CEA and CA15‑3 had a good diagnostic effect on bone metastasis screening, and CYFRA21‑1 also had a good diagnostic effect on brain metastasis. There was no significant difference in the levels of tumor markers in the peripheral blood of LUSC patients with tissue and organ metastasis. In SCLC, compared with levels in the control group, CEA and CA125 levels were significantly increased in patients with bone metastasis, and CA125 and CA19‑9 levels were significantly increased in patients with liver metastasis. In SCLC tumors, CEA and CA125 exhibited good diagnostic value for determining bone metastasis. CA125 and CA19‑9 also exhibited some diagnostic value for liver metastasis. In conclusion, the levels of peripheral blood tumor markers CEA, CA15‑3, CA125, CA19‑9, SCC and CYFRA21‑1 in patients lung cancer have clinical diagnostic value in specifically indicating the organs where lung cancer metastasizes.
View Figures

Figure 1

Expression of commonly used clinical
tumor markers in LUAD. Case data were collected and divided into 6
groups: No metastasis, lymph node metastasis, pleural metastasis,
bone metastasis, liver metastasis and brain metastasis. The levels
of clinical lung cancer-related tumor markers, (A) CEA, (B) CA15-3,
(C) CA125, (D) CA19-9, (E) SCC and (F) CYFRA21-1, in peripheral
blood were statistically analyzed. Results are presented as the
mean ± standard error. Tumor marker concentrations between groups
were compared using one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's test was used when
significant differences were found. Only P-values for comparisons
that are significantly different are displayed. LUAD, lung
adenocarcinoma; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA, carbohydrate
antigen; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; CYFRA21-1, cytokeratin 19
fragment antigen 21-1; ns, not significant.

Figure 2

ROC curves of tumor markers in LUAD.
The ROC curve method was used to observe the clinical diagnostic
efficacy of tumor markers with statistical differences when
metastasis occurred in different tissues and organs. All results
were compared with the no metastasis group. ROC curve of (A) CEA,
(B) CA15-3 and (C) CA125 in bone metastasis, (D) CYFRA21-1 in brain
metastasis, (E) CA125 in liver metastasis, (F) CA15-3 in pleura
metastasis, and (G) CA15-3 and (H) CA19-9 in lymphatic metastasis.
ROC, receiver operating characteristic; LUAD, lung adenocarcinoma;
CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA, carbohydrate antigen; CYFRA21-1,
cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1.

Figure 3

Expression of common clinical tumor
markers in SCLC. Case data were collected and divided into 6
groups: No metastasis, lymph node metastasis, pleural metastasis,
bone metastasis, liver metastasis and brain metastasis. The levels
of clinical lung cancer-related tumor markers, (A) CEA, (B) CA125,
(C) CA15-3, (D) CA19-9 and (E) SCC, in peripheral blood were
statistically analyzed. Results are presented as the mean ±
standard error (SEM). Tumor marker concentrations between groups
were compared using one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's test was used when
significant differences were found. Only P-values for comparisons
that are significantly different are displayed. SCLC, small cell
lung cancer; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA, carbohydrate
antigen; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; CYFRA21-1, cytokeratin 19
fragment antigen 21-1; ns, not significant.

Figure 4

ROC curves of tumor markers for SCLC.
The ROC curve method was used to observe the clinical diagnostic
efficacy of tumor markers with statistical differences in
metastasis to different tissues and organs, and the results were
compared with the group without metastasis. ROC curve of (A) CA125
and (B) CEA in bone metastasis, and (C) CA15-3, (D) CA125 and (E)
CA19-9 in liver metastasis. SCLC, small cell lung cancer; CEA,
carcinoembryonic antigen; CA, carbohydrate antigen.
View References

1 

Regzedmaa O, Zhang H, Liu H and Chen J: Immune checkpoint inhibitors for small cell lung cancer: Opportunities and challenges. Onco Targets Ther. 12:4605–4620. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Howlader N, Forjaz G, Mooradian MJ, Meza R, Kong CY, Cronin KA, Mariotto AB, Lowy DR and Feuer EJ: The effect of advances in lung-cancer treatment on population mortality. N Engl J Med. 383:640–649. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A and Bray F: Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 71:209–249. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Frieden TR, Cobb LK, Leidig RC, Mehta S and Kass D: Reducing premature mortality from cardiovascular and other non-communicable diseases by one third: Achieving sustainable development goal indicator 3.4.1. Glob Heart. 15:502020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Ren Y, Cao L, Wang L, Zheng S, Zhang Q, Guo X, Li X, Chen M, Wu X, Furlong F, et al: Autophagic secretion of HMGB1 from cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes metastatic potential of non-small cell lung cancer cells via NFκB signaling. Cell Death Dis. 12:8582021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Waqar SN, Samson PP, Robinson CG, Bradley J, Devarakonda S, Du L, Govindan R, Gao F, Puri V and Morgensztern D: Non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastasis at presentation. Clin Lung Cancer. 19:e373–e379. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Riihimäki M, Hemminki A, Fallah M, Thomsen H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J and Hemminki K: Metastatic sites and survival in lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 86:78–84. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Mielgo A and Schmid MC: Liver tropism in cancer: The hepatic metastatic niche. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 10:a0372592020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Fanipakdel A, Seilanian Toussi M, Rezazadeh F, Mohamadian Roshan N and Javadinia SA: Overexpression of cancer-testis antigen melanoma-associated antigen A1 in lung cancer: A novel biomarker for prognosis, and a possible target for immunotherapy. J Cell Physiol. 234:12080–12086. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Guo H, Zhou X, Lu Y, Xie L, Chen Q, Keller ET, Liu Q, Zhou Q and Zhang J: Translational progress on tumor biomarkers. Thorac Cancer. 6:665–671. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Abu-Asab MS, Chaouchi M, Alesci S, Galli S, Laassri M, Cheema AK, Atouf F, VanMeter J and Amri H: Biomarkers in the age of omics: Time for a systems biology approach. OMICS. 15:105–112. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Billatos E, Vick JL, Lenburg ME and Spira AE: The airway transcriptome as a biomarker for early lung cancer detection. Clin Cancer Res. 24:2984–2992. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Zhang Y, Fu F, Zhang Q, Li L, Liu H, Deng C, Xue Q, Zhao Y, Sun W, Han H, et al: Evolutionary proteogenomic landscape from pre-invasive to invasive lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Rep Med. 5:1013582024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Liang H, Wang R, Cheng R, Ye Z, Zhao N, Zhao X, Huang Y, Jiang Z, Li W, Zheng J, et al: LcProt: Proteomics-based identification of plasma biomarkers for lung cancer multievent, a multicentre study. Clin Transl Med. 15:e701602025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Liang S, Cao X, Wang Y, Leng P, Wen X, Xie G, Luo H and Yu R: Metabolomics analysis and diagnosis of lung cancer: Insights from diverse sample types. Int J Med Sci. 21:234–252. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Shi W, Cheng Y, Zhu H and Zhao L: Metabolomics and lipidomics in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Chim Acta. 555:1178232024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Zheng L, Hu F, Huang L, Lu J, Yang X, Xu J, Wang S, Shen Y, Zhong R, Chu T, et al: Association of metabolomics with PD-1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 12:e0081902024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Li X, Li S, Zhang Z and Huang D: Association of multiple tumor markers with newly diagnosed gastric cancer patients: A retrospective study. PeerJ. 10:e134882022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wei Z, Zhang Y, Lu H, Ying J, Zhao H and Cai J: Serum alpha-fetoprotein as a predictive biomarker for tissue alpha-fetoprotein status and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res. 11:669–677. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Shi JX, Qin JJ, Ye H, Wang P, Wang KJ and Zhang JY: Tumor associated antigens or anti-TAA autoantibodies as biomarkers in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 15:829–852. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Fazilat-Panah D, Vakili Ahrari Roudi S, Keramati A, Fanipakdel A, Sadeghian MH, Homaei Shandiz F, Shahidsales S and Javadinia SA: Changes in cytokeratin 18 during neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer: A prospective study. Iran J Pathol. 15:117–126. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Pavlopoulou A and Scorilas A: A comprehensive phylogenetic and structural analysis of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family. Genome Biol Evol. 6:1314–1326. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Suzuki T, Yajima S, Okamura A, Yoshida N, Taniyama Y, Murakami K, Ohkura Y, Nakajima Y, Yagi K, Fukuda T, et al: Prognostic impact of serum SCC antigen in the 566 upfront surgery group of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A multi-institutional study of the Japan esophageal society. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 30:24–00028. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Li X, Dai D, Chen B, Tang H, Xie X and Wei W: Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of cancer antigen 15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer: A meta-analysis including 12,993 patients. Dis Markers. 2018:98630922018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Wang R, Zuo CL, Zhang R and Zhu LM: Carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 199 and carbohydrate antigen 724 in gastric cancer and their relationship with clinical prognosis. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 15:1475–1485. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Piatek S, Panek G, Lewandowski Z, Bidzinski M, Piatek D, Kosinski P and Wielgos M: Rising serum CA-125 levels within the normal range is strongly associated recurrence risk and survival of ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res. 13:1022020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Fischer S and Gillis J: Defining the extent of gene function using ROC curvature. Bioinformatics. 38:5390–5397. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, . Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, Gareen IF, Gatsonis C, Marcus PM and Sicks JD: Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 365:395–409. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kazerooni EA, Armstrong MR, Amorosa JK, Hernandez D, Liebscher LA, Nath H, McNitt-Gray MF, Stern EJ and Wilcox PA: ACR CT accreditation program and the lung cancer screening program designation. J Am Coll Radiol. 13 (Suppl 2):R30–R34. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Wood DE, Kazerooni EA, Baum SL, Eapen GA, Ettinger DS, Hou L, Jackman DM, Klippenstein D, Kumar R, Lackner RP, et al: Lung cancer screening, version 3.2018, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 16:412–441. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Fu Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Liu Z, Xia H and Xu H: Gender disparities in lung cancer incidence in the United States during 2001–2019. Sci Rep. 13:125812023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Lewis DR, Check DP, Caporaso NE, Travis WD and Devesa SS: US lung cancer trends by histologic type. Cancer. 120:2883–2892. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 74:229–263. 2024.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Li Y, Xiao X, Li J, Han Y, Cheng C, Fernandes GF, Slewitzke SE, Rosenberg SM, Zhu M, Byun J, et al: Lung cancer in ever- and never-smokers: Findings from multi-population GWAS studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 33:389–399. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Wang X, Zhang T, Wu J, Yin S, Nan X, Du M, Liu A and Wang P: The association between socioeconomic status, smoking, and chronic disease in inner mongolia in northern China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16:1692019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Arakil N, Akhund SA, Elaasser B and Mohammad KS: Intersecting paths: Unraveling the complex journey of cancer to bone metastasis. Biomedicines. 12:10752024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Nozawa H, Yokota Y, Emoto S, Yokoyama Y, Sasaki K, Murono K, Abe S, Sonoda H, Shinagawa T and Ishihara S: Unexplained increases in serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels in colorectal cancer patients during the postoperative follow-up period: An analysis of its incidence and longitudinal pattern. Ann Med. 55:22469972023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhao W, Li X, Wang W, Chen B, Wang L, Zhang N, Wang Z and Yang Q: Association of preoperative serum levels of CEA and CA15-3 with molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Dis Markers. 2021:55291062021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Zhang L, Huang Y, Feng Z, Wang X, Li H, Song F, Liu L, Li J, Zheng H, Wang P, et al: Comparison of breast cancer risk factors among molecular subtypes: A case-only study. Cancer Med. 8:1882–1892. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Lee JS, Park S, Park JM, Cho JH, Kim SI and Park BW: Elevated levels of preoperative CA 15-3 and CEA serum levels have independently poor prognostic significance in breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 24:1225–1231. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Duan S, Cao H, Liu H, Miao L, Wang J, Zhou X, Wang W, Hu P, Qu L and Wu Y: Development of a machine learning-based multimode diagnosis system for lung cancer. Aging (Albany NY). 12:9840–9854. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ayan AK, Erdemci B, Orsal E, Bayraktutan Z, Akpinar E, Topcu A, Turkeli M and Seven B: Is there any correlation between levels of serum ostepontin, CEA, and FDG uptake in lung cancer patients with bone metastasis? Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 35:102–106. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Terävä J, Tiainen L, Lamminmäki U, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Pettersson K and Gidwani K: Lectin nanoparticle assays for detecting breast cancer-associated glycovariants of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) in human plasma. PLoS One. 14:e02194802019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Fakhari A, Gharepapagh E, Dabiri S and Gilani N: Correlation of cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) serum level and bony metastases in breast cancer patients. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 33:1422019.PubMed/NCBI

45 

Pan Y, Lin Y and Mi C: Clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic risk factors of breast cancer patients with bone metastasis. Ann Transl Med. 9:13402021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Zhou Y, Yu QF, Peng AF, Tong WL, Liu JM and Liu ZL: The risk factors of bone metastases in patients with lung cancer. Sci Rep. 7:89702017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Gao S, Li N, Wang S, Zhang F, Wei W, Li N, Bi N, Wang Z and He J: Lung cancer in people's Republic of China. J Thorac Oncol. 15:1567–1576. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Zhang L, Liu D, Li L, Pu D, Zhou P, Jing Y, Yu H, Wang Y, Zhu Y, He Y, et al: The important role of circulating CYFRA21-1 in metastasis diagnosis and prognostic value compared with carcinoembryonic antigen and neuron-specific enolase in lung cancer patients. BMC Cancer. 17:962017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Wang P, Piao Y, Zhang X, Li W and Hao X: The concentration of CYFRA 21-1, NSE and CEA in cerebro-spinal fluid can be useful indicators for diagnosis of meningeal carcinomatosis of lung cancer. Cancer Biomark. 13:123–130. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Song B, Shi P, Xiao J, Song Y, Zeng M, Cao Y and Zhu X: Utility of red cell distribution width as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep. 10:157172020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Ren H, Hu Y, Xie T, Jin C, Hu Y and Yang B: Effect of gefitinib on serum EGFR and CYFRA21-1 in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett. 18:4167–4175. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

52 

Jiang X, Guo D, Li W, Yu T, Zhou J and Gong J: Combination Twist1 and CA15-3 in axillary lymph nodes for breast cancer prognosis. Mol Med Rep. 15:1123–1134. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Gao Y, Park HJ, Traulsen A and Pichugin Y: Evolution of irreversible somatic differentiation. Elife. 10:e667112021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Cheng Y, Liao S, Xu G, Hu J, Guo D, Du F, Contreras A, Cai KQ, Peri S, Wang Y, et al: NeuroD1 dictates tumor cell differentiation in medulloblastoma. Cell Rep. 31:1077822020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Pan M, Huang P, Li L, Lei P, Fang L, Zhao L, Li Y, Huang S and Luo W: Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis on exportins in lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. J Thorac Dis. 15:1872–1891. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Qin Z, Yue M, Tang S, Wu F, Sun H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Izumi H, Huang H, Wang W, et al: EML4-ALK fusions drive lung adeno-to-squamous transition through JAK-STAT activation. J Exp Med. 221:e202320282024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Chen J, Zhang C, Xie J, Zheng X, Gu P, Liu S, Zhou Y, Wu J, Chen Y, Wang Y, et al: Automatic lung cancer subtyping using rapid on-site evaluation slides and serum biological markers. Respir Res. 25:3912024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Zhang SL, Zhang CY, Chen YQ, Li YF, Xie Z, Zhang XC, Zhou Q, Zhong WZ, Huang J, Sun H, et al: Expression of EGFR-mutant proteins and genomic evolution in EGFR-mutant transformed small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 15:4620–4635. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Zengin T and Önal-Süzek T: Analysis of genomic and transcriptomic variations as prognostic signature for lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Bioinformatics. 21 (Suppl 14):3682020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Imakita T, Fujita K, Kanai O, Terashima T and Mio T: Small cell lung cancer transformation during immunotherapy with nivolumab: A case report. Respir Med Case Rep. 21:52–55. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

61 

Adelstein DJ, Tomashefski JF Jr, Snow NJ, Horrigan TP and Hines JD: Mixed small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Chest. 89:699–704. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Ramakrishna R and Rostomily R: Seed, soil, and beyond: The basic biology of brain metastasis. Surg Neurol Int. 4 (Suppl 4):S256–S264. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Singh M, Manoranjan B, Mahendram S, McFarlane N, Venugopal C and Singh SK: Brain metastasis-initiating cells: Survival of the fittest. Int J Mol Sci. 15:9117–9133. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Peixoto A, Relvas-Santos M, Azevedo R, Santos LL and Ferreira JA: Protein glycosylation and tumor microenvironment alterations driving cancer hallmarks. Front Oncol. 9:3802019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Hu M, Zhang R, Yang J, Zhao C, Liu W, Huang Y, Lyu H, Xiao S, Guo D, Zhou C and Tang J: The role of N-glycosylation modification in the pathogenesis of liver cancer. Cell Death Dis. 14:2222023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Cao Y, Yi W and Zhu Q: Glycosylation in the tumor immune response: The bitter side of sweetness. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 56:1184–1198. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Ren X, Lin S, Guan F and Kang H: Glycosylation targeting: A paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy. Int J Biol Sci. 20:2607–2621. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Wang S, Zhong L, Li Y, Xiao D, Zhang R, Liao D, Lv D, Wang X, Wang J, Xie X, et al: Up-regulation of PCOLCE by TWIST1 promotes metastasis in Osteosarcoma. Theranostics. 9:4342–4353. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang J, Wang X, Mao Y, Niu H, Zhao F, Shen D and Wang L: Peripheral blood tumor marker levels can indicate the location of lung cancer metastasis. Oncol Lett 30: 545, 2025.
APA
Wang, J., Wang, X., Mao, Y., Niu, H., Zhao, F., Shen, D., & Wang, L. (2025). Peripheral blood tumor marker levels can indicate the location of lung cancer metastasis. Oncology Letters, 30, 545. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15291
MLA
Wang, J., Wang, X., Mao, Y., Niu, H., Zhao, F., Shen, D., Wang, L."Peripheral blood tumor marker levels can indicate the location of lung cancer metastasis". Oncology Letters 30.6 (2025): 545.
Chicago
Wang, J., Wang, X., Mao, Y., Niu, H., Zhao, F., Shen, D., Wang, L."Peripheral blood tumor marker levels can indicate the location of lung cancer metastasis". Oncology Letters 30, no. 6 (2025): 545. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15291
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang J, Wang X, Mao Y, Niu H, Zhao F, Shen D and Wang L: Peripheral blood tumor marker levels can indicate the location of lung cancer metastasis. Oncol Lett 30: 545, 2025.
APA
Wang, J., Wang, X., Mao, Y., Niu, H., Zhao, F., Shen, D., & Wang, L. (2025). Peripheral blood tumor marker levels can indicate the location of lung cancer metastasis. Oncology Letters, 30, 545. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15291
MLA
Wang, J., Wang, X., Mao, Y., Niu, H., Zhao, F., Shen, D., Wang, L."Peripheral blood tumor marker levels can indicate the location of lung cancer metastasis". Oncology Letters 30.6 (2025): 545.
Chicago
Wang, J., Wang, X., Mao, Y., Niu, H., Zhao, F., Shen, D., Wang, L."Peripheral blood tumor marker levels can indicate the location of lung cancer metastasis". Oncology Letters 30, no. 6 (2025): 545. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15291
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team