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Enhanced expression of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma facilitates tumor cell malignancy via PI3K/AKT‑dependent mechanisms

  • Authors:
    • Shiliang Gui
    • Hongrui Zhang
    • Huiting Xiao
    • Chen Liu
    • Yuhang Wang
    • Baotian Wang
    • Hongbin Qiu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Key Laboratory of Microecology‑immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China, Department of Medical Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Translation Medical Testing and Application Technology in Zhangzhou, Zhang Zhou Health Vocational College, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Gui et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 19
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    Published online on: November 3, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15372
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Abstract

The expression of CXC motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) is elevated in numerous types of human cancers, and CXCL1 is also able to act as an autocrine/paracrine factor to accelerate the malignant progression of malignancies. However, at present, there is limited understanding of the role of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The present study aimed to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of CXCL1 in RCC tissues, which were found to be markedly elevated compared with normal and paracancerous tissues using bioinformatics and immunohistochemical analyses. In addition, high expression of CXCL1 was shown to be closely associated with higher stage, grade, tumor, lymph node and metastasis status of clear cell RCC, as well as with poor prognosis in patients. In addition, the expression level of CXCL1 mRNA was found to be associated with the expression of various tumor‑associated genes, including numerous chemokines and their receptors, immune cell recruitment of B cells, CD4+ T cells and neutrophils, as well as microsatellite instability in RCC. Functional studies were also performed, which demonstrated that both exogenous and overexpression of CXCL1 led to a marked enhancement of the proliferative and migratory capacities of RCC cells, whereas downregulation of CXCL1 exerted a suppressive influence on the malignant behaviors of the tumor cells. In addition, western blot analysis experiments revealed that overexpression of CXCL1 in RCC cells was able to regulate the expression levels of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway‑associated proteins, including Bcl‑2‑associated X protein, B‑cell lymphoma‑2, PI3K and AKT. Finally, the AKT‑specific inhibitor GDC‑0068 was shown to reverse the promoting effects of CXCL1 on the malignant behaviors of RCC cells. Taken together, the findings of the present study have shown that CXCL1 exhibits high expression patterns in RCC tissues and may serve diverse functions in facilitating various aspects of RCC advancement.
View Figures

Figure 1

Increased expression of CXCL1 mRNA
levels is associated with the clinical characteristics of patients
with RCC. (A) The expression profiles of CXCL1 mRNA in normal
tissues compared with ccRCC or pRCC tissues. The different levels
of expression of CXCL1 mRNA within (B) different clinical grades
and (C) subtypes of ccRCC tissues. Expression levels of CXCL1 mRNA
in the (D) GSE53757 and the (E) GSE40435 datasets. The different
levels of expression of CXCL1 mRNA within different (F) clinical
grades and (G) stages of ccRCC tissues. Analysis of the expression
level of CXCL1 within the clinical (H) T-status, (I) N-status and
(J) M-status categories in ccRCC tissues. (K-M) A prognostic
assessment was performed among the various groups. **P<0.01 vs.
normal; #P<0.01 vs. normal, grade 1 and 2;
▲P<0.01 vs. normal and ccA subtype. CXCL1, CXC motif
chemokine ligand 1; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; ccRCC, clear cell
RCC; pRCC, papillary RCC; T, tumor; N, lymph node; M, metastasis;
OS, overall survival; DSS, disease-specific survival; PFS,
progression-free survival.

Figure 2

Expression levels of CXCL1 mRNA are
correlated with the expression of genes implicated in
tumorigenesis, recruitment of immune cells and presence of MSI in
renal cell carcinoma. (A) Identification of 10 hub genes exhibiting
co-expression with CXCL1. (B) Analysis of the protein-interaction
network involving CXCL1. (C) Analysis of the correlation between
CXCL1 and the aforementioned 10 hub genes. (D) Analysis of the
correlation between CXCL1 expression and immune cell recruitment.
The correlation between CXCL1 expression and the (E) number of
mutations is presented, as well as (F) MSI scores. (G) The
expression levels of CXCL1 in the MSI group compared with the MSS
group. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ****P<0.0001.
CXCL, CXC motif chemokine ligand; ACKR1, atypical chemokine
receptor 1; CCR, C-C chemokine receptor type 2; MSI, microsatellite
instability; MSS, microsatellite stable or no apparent MSI; TIMER,
tumor immune estimation resource; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas; T,
tumor; N, normal.

Figure 3

Protein levels of CXCL1 expression
are markedly elevated in the tissues of patients with RCC.
Representative images, illustrating strong-intensity staining of
CXCL1 in (A) grade I, (B) grade II and (C) grade III RCC tissues.
(D) Representative image, illustrating weak-intensity staining of
CXCL1 in paracancerous tissues. CXCL1, CXC motif chemokine ligand
1; RCC, renal cell carcinoma.

Figure 4

Exogenous CXCL1 treatment enhances
the malignant phenotype of renal cell carcinoma cells. Assessment
of cell proliferation using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay in (A)
786-O and (B) CAKI-2 cells. Representative images from Transwell
assays with (C) 786-O and (D) CAKI-2 cells (magnification, ×100).
Assessment of cell migration using a Transwell assay in (E) 786-O
and (F) CAKI-2 cells. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 vs. 0 ng/ml. CXCL1,
CXC motif chemokine ligand 1.

Figure 5

Overexpression of CXCL1 stimulates
the malignant phenotype of renal cell carcinoma cells. Evaluation
of CXCL3 expression in the supernatant from cell medium using ELISA
assay in (A) 786-O and (B) CAKI-2 cells. Assessment of cell
proliferation using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay with (C) 786-O and
(D) CAKI-2 cells. Representative images from Transwell assay
experiments with (E) 786-O and (F) CAKI-2 cells (magnification,
×100). Assessment of cell migration using Transwell assay with (G)
786-O and (H) CAKI-2 cells. **P<0.01 vs. control. CXCL1, CXC
motif chemokine ligand 1.

Figure 6

Low expression of CXCL1 suppresses
the malignant phenotype of renal cell carcinoma cells. Evaluation
of CXCL3 expression in the supernatant from cell medium using ELISA
assay with (A) 786-O and (B) CAKI-2 cells. Assessment of cell
proliferation using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay with (C) 786-O and
(D) CAKI-2 cells. Representative images from Transwell assay
experiments (magnification, ×100) with (E) 786-O and (F) CAKI-2
cells. Assessment of cell migration using Transwell assay with (G)
786-O and (H) CAKI-2 cells. **P<0.1 01 vs. control. CXCL1, CXC
motif chemokine ligand 1; siRNA, small interfering RNA.

Figure 7

Overexpression of CXCL1 modulates the
expression of PI3K/AKT pathway-associated proteins in renal cell
carcinoma cells. Representative images from western blotting assays
in (A) 786-O and (B) CAKI-2 cells. Semi-quantification of the
protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, PI3K and AKT in (C) 786-O
and (D) CAKI-2 cells. **P<0.01 vs. control. CXCL1, CXC motif
chemokine ligand 1; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell
lymphoma-2; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

Figure 8

Blocking AKT reverses the promoting
effect of overexpression of CXCL1 on the malignant behaviors of
renal cell carcinoma cells. Assessment of cell proliferation using
a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay in (A) 786-O and (B) CAKI-2 cells.
(Representative images from Transwell assay experiments
(magnification, ×100) with (C) 786-O and (D) CAKI-2 cells.
Assessment of cell migration using Transwell assay with (E) 786-O
and (F) CAKI-2 cells. (magnification, ×100). **P<0.01 compared
with overexpression. CXCL1, CXC motif chemokine ligand 1.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Gui S, Zhang H, Xiao H, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang B and Qiu H: Enhanced expression of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma facilitates tumor cell malignancy via PI3K/AKT‑dependent mechanisms. Oncol Lett 31: 19, 2026.
APA
Gui, S., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, B., & Qiu, H. (2026). Enhanced expression of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma facilitates tumor cell malignancy via PI3K/AKT‑dependent mechanisms. Oncology Letters, 31, 19. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15372
MLA
Gui, S., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Qiu, H."Enhanced expression of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma facilitates tumor cell malignancy via PI3K/AKT‑dependent mechanisms". Oncology Letters 31.1 (2026): 19.
Chicago
Gui, S., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Qiu, H."Enhanced expression of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma facilitates tumor cell malignancy via PI3K/AKT‑dependent mechanisms". Oncology Letters 31, no. 1 (2026): 19. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15372
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Gui S, Zhang H, Xiao H, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang B and Qiu H: Enhanced expression of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma facilitates tumor cell malignancy via PI3K/AKT‑dependent mechanisms. Oncol Lett 31: 19, 2026.
APA
Gui, S., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, B., & Qiu, H. (2026). Enhanced expression of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma facilitates tumor cell malignancy via PI3K/AKT‑dependent mechanisms. Oncology Letters, 31, 19. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15372
MLA
Gui, S., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Qiu, H."Enhanced expression of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma facilitates tumor cell malignancy via PI3K/AKT‑dependent mechanisms". Oncology Letters 31.1 (2026): 19.
Chicago
Gui, S., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Qiu, H."Enhanced expression of CXCL1 in renal cell carcinoma facilitates tumor cell malignancy via PI3K/AKT‑dependent mechanisms". Oncology Letters 31, no. 1 (2026): 19. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15372
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