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Study on the expression level of folate receptor γ in thyroid cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics

  • Authors:
    • Jinying Cao
    • Yanxu Li
    • Xin Deng
    • Bo Lv
    • Ling Han
    • Ling Tong
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 024000, P.R. China, Department of General Surgery, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 024000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Cao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 106
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    Published online on: January 12, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15459
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Abstract

Despite generally favorable outcomes, identifying reliable biomarkers remains crucial for managing aggressive subtypes of thyroid cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the association between folate receptor γ (FOLR3) expression and the clinicopathological features of thyroid cancer, and to explore its clinical relevance using bioinformatics and experimental approaches, ultimately assessing its potential value as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker. Differential expression analysis of RNA‑sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database was performed to identify the differentially expressed gene FOLR3, followed by standard single‑cell analysis. Clinicopathological data from 293 patients with thyroid cancer were collected to investigate pathological characteristics and FOLR3 expression, which was further validated using immunohistochemistry. The functional effects of FOLR3 on the malignant behavior of thyroid cancer cells were assessed using colony formation, Cell Counting Kit‑8, scratch wound healing and Transwell invasion assays. FOLR3 expression was significantly higher in normal thyroid tissue compared with cancer tissues (P<0.001). FOLR3 expression level was associated with capsular invasion, perineural invasion, striated muscle invasion and pT stage (all P<0.05). Functional experiments demonstrated that FOLR3 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of TPC‑1 cells (all P<0.05). In conclusion, FOLR3 expression is generally low or absent in thyroid cancer, particularly in cases demonstrating pronounced local infiltration, indicating its potential as a diagnostic biomarker for the evaluation of tumor invasiveness. Patients with high FOLR3 expression exhibit a higher survival rate, suggesting its potential prognostic value. FOLR3 inhibits the progression of thyroid cancer by inhibiting the STAT3/MAPK signaling pathways and reprogramming folate metabolism, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for thyroid cancer in the future. 

View Figures

Figure 1

Analysis of FOLR3 expression and its
impact in thyroid cancer. (A) Volcano plot of DEGs (red,
upregulated; blue, downregulated). (B) GO enrichment analysis
demonstrating three major functional categories. (C) KEGG pathway
enrichment of DEGs. (D) LASSO regression model for feature
selection. (E) A 10-fold cross-validation curve for the LASSO
model. (F) FOLR3 expression levels in thyroid cancer vs. normal
tissue. (G) Survival analysis based on FOLR3 expression. (H)
ESTIMATE scores comparing high vs. low FOLR3 expression groups. (I)
ESTIMATE scores in thyroid cancer vs. normal tissues. (J)
Univariate Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors. (K)
CIBERSORT analysis of immune infiltration in high vs. low FOLR3
expression groups. (L) CIBERSORT analysis of immune infiltration in
thyroid cancer vs. normal tissues. *P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001. FOLR3, folate receptor γ; GO,
Gene Ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes;
LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; CIBERSORT,
Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA
Transcripts; DEGs, differentially expressed genes.

Figure 2

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling
reveals metabolic-immune remodeling in the tumor microenvironment
of papillary thyroid carcinoma. (A) UMAP visualization of
single-cell RNA sequencing data from PTC and normal thyroid
tissues. (B) Expression levels of canonical marker genes across
major cell types. (C) Altered cellular composition in PTC vs.
normal tissues. (D) Folate metabolism scores of major cell types.
(E) Differential cell-cell interactions within the TME. (F)
Re-annotation of myeloid cell subpopulations. (G) Altered
proportions of myeloid subsets in PTC. (H) Heterogeneity in folate
metabolism scores among myeloid subpopulations. (I) Distribution of
myeloid subsets stratified by folate metabolism score and tissue
type. (J) Top five enriched Hallmark pathways in myeloid cells. (K)
Altered intercellular communication among myeloid subpopulations.
(L) Signaling pathways ranked by intercellular communication
activity. (M) Key ligand-receptor interactions involving M1
macrophages. (N) Comparison of Hallmark pathways significantly
enriched in macrophages with high vs. low folate metabolic status.
(O) Significantly enriched Hallmark pathways in high folate
metabolism myeloid cells and M1 macrophages. FOLR3, folate receptor
γ; UMAP, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection; PTC,
papillary thyroid carcinoma; TME, tumor microenvironment.

Figure 3

Immunohistochemical analysis of FOLR3
expression in thyroid tissues. (A) H&E staining of normal
thyroid tissue. (B) IHC staining demonstrating high FOLR3
expression in normal thyroid tissue. (C) H&E staining of
thyroid cancer tissue. (D) IHC staining demonstrating weak or
absent FOLR3 expression in thyroid cancer tissue. Magnification,
×200. FOLR3, folate receptor γ; IHC, immunohistochemistry.

Figure 4

Functional characterization of FOLR3
in thyroid cancer cells in vitro. (A) Protein expression
levels of FOLR3 assessed using western blotting and (B)
semi-quantification. (C) Relative mRNA relative expression levels
of FOLR3 by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. (D) CCK-8 for
0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. (E) Colony forming ability evaluated using
colony formation assay and (F) quantification (magnification, ×4).
(G) Cell migratory capacity analyzed using a wound healing assay
and (H) quantification (magnification, ×20). (I) Invasive potential
determined using Transwell invasion assay and (J) quantification
(magnification, ×10). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and
****P<0.0001. FOLR3, folate receptor γ; CCK-8, Cell Counting
Kit-8; NC, negative control.

Figure 5

FOLR3 overexpression promotes folate
metabolism and activates oncogenic signaling pathways in thyroid
cancer cells. (A) mRNA expression levels of folate
metabolism-related genes (SLC19A1, PCFT, MTHFR and TYMS) after
FOLR3 overexpression. (B) mRNA expression levels of MAPK pathway
downstream genes (c-Fos, c-Jun and cyclin D1) after FOLR3
overexpression. (C) mRNA expression levels of STAT3 pathway
downstream genes after FOLR3 overexpression. *P<0.05 and
**P<0.01. ns, not significant; FOLR3, folate receptor γ; TYMS,
thymidylate synthase; MTHFR, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase;
SLC19A1, solute carrier family 19 member 1; PCFT, proton-coupled
folate transporter; c-FOS, Fos proto-oncogenes, AP-1 transcription
factor subunit; MCL1, myeloid cell leukemia-1; NC, negative
control.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cao J, Li Y, Deng X, Lv B, Han L and Tong L: <p>Study on the expression level of folate receptor &gamma; in thyroid cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics</p>. Oncol Lett 31: 106, 2026.
APA
Cao, J., Li, Y., Deng, X., Lv, B., Han, L., & Tong, L. (2026). <p>Study on the expression level of folate receptor &gamma; in thyroid cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics</p>. Oncology Letters, 31, 106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15459
MLA
Cao, J., Li, Y., Deng, X., Lv, B., Han, L., Tong, L."<p>Study on the expression level of folate receptor &gamma; in thyroid cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics</p>". Oncology Letters 31.3 (2026): 106.
Chicago
Cao, J., Li, Y., Deng, X., Lv, B., Han, L., Tong, L."<p>Study on the expression level of folate receptor &gamma; in thyroid cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics</p>". Oncology Letters 31, no. 3 (2026): 106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15459
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cao J, Li Y, Deng X, Lv B, Han L and Tong L: <p>Study on the expression level of folate receptor &gamma; in thyroid cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics</p>. Oncol Lett 31: 106, 2026.
APA
Cao, J., Li, Y., Deng, X., Lv, B., Han, L., & Tong, L. (2026). <p>Study on the expression level of folate receptor &gamma; in thyroid cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics</p>. Oncology Letters, 31, 106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15459
MLA
Cao, J., Li, Y., Deng, X., Lv, B., Han, L., Tong, L."<p>Study on the expression level of folate receptor &gamma; in thyroid cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics</p>". Oncology Letters 31.3 (2026): 106.
Chicago
Cao, J., Li, Y., Deng, X., Lv, B., Han, L., Tong, L."<p>Study on the expression level of folate receptor &gamma; in thyroid cancer and its association with clinicopathological characteristics</p>". Oncology Letters 31, no. 3 (2026): 106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15459
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