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Oncology Letters
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Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
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March-2026 Volume 31 Issue 3

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Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

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Review

 Three‑dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Shiyao Du
    • Jinyu Yang
    • Hui Li
    • Shanshan Men
    • Dongping Xu
    • Haifeng Wang

  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 110
    |
    Published online on: January 15, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15464
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Abstract

While conventional two‑dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models have been cornerstone technologies in cancer research, they possess limitations in replicating human tumor pathophysiology. Notably, 2D models fail to capture key tissue‑level architecture and cell‑cell interactions, whereas animal models are often constrained by species‑specific discrepancies and high costs, which limits their applicability in investigating precise human tumor mechanisms. To overcome these shortcomings, three‑dimensional (3D) tumor models have emerged as a powerful complementary platform. The present review comprehensively explores the unique capabilities of 3D models in maintaining tumor heterogeneity, simulating the dynamic tumor microenvironment and accelerating high‑throughput drug screening. The present review also highlights the transformative potential of 3D models in personalized medicine and in deciphering the mechanisms underlying metastasis. Finally, the present review proposes a visionary roadmap for in vitro 3D model innovation, with the goal of guiding their effective translation from foundational research to clinical decision‑making in the future.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Du S, Yang J, Li H, Men S, Xu D and Wang H: <p>&nbsp;Three‑dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review)</p>. Oncol Lett 31: 110, 2026.
APA
Du, S., Yang, J., Li, H., Men, S., Xu, D., & Wang, H. (2026). <p>&nbsp;Three‑dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review)</p>. Oncology Letters, 31, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15464
MLA
Du, S., Yang, J., Li, H., Men, S., Xu, D., Wang, H."<p>&nbsp;Three‑dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review)</p>". Oncology Letters 31.3 (2026): 110.
Chicago
Du, S., Yang, J., Li, H., Men, S., Xu, D., Wang, H."<p>&nbsp;Three‑dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review)</p>". Oncology Letters 31, no. 3 (2026): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15464
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Du S, Yang J, Li H, Men S, Xu D and Wang H: <p>&nbsp;Three‑dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review)</p>. Oncol Lett 31: 110, 2026.
APA
Du, S., Yang, J., Li, H., Men, S., Xu, D., & Wang, H. (2026). <p>&nbsp;Three‑dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review)</p>. Oncology Letters, 31, 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15464
MLA
Du, S., Yang, J., Li, H., Men, S., Xu, D., Wang, H."<p>&nbsp;Three‑dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review)</p>". Oncology Letters 31.3 (2026): 110.
Chicago
Du, S., Yang, J., Li, H., Men, S., Xu, D., Wang, H."<p>&nbsp;Three‑dimensional culture of tumor cells (Review)</p>". Oncology Letters 31, no. 3 (2026): 110. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15464
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