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Advances in targeting vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors using monomeric compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Fang-Yuan Liu
    • Yu-Qian Fu
    • Jia Li
    • Dan-Ni Ding
    • Shao-Xuan Liu
    • Yu-Xin Zhao
    • Ying Shen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China, Department of Gynecology III, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China, First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China, Department of Gynecology III, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 126
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    Published online on: February 3, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15479
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Abstract

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a pivotal mechanism underlying tumor resistance to anti‑angiogenic therapies, presents key challenges in oncology treatment. Chinese herbal monomers exhibit notable therapeutic potential in cancer treatment, particularly regarding their capacity to inhibit tumor VM formation. However, to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive literature review has systematically explored the specific molecular mechanisms through which Chinese herbal monomers exert their anti‑VM effects in tumor cells, to date. Therefore, the present systematic review evaluates the therapeutic potential of 46 natural monomers derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) across 16 cancer types, through a comprehensive analysis of 64 preclinical studies. TCM monomers inhibit VM formation by modulating key signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT, MAPK and Notch) and downregulating key molecular markers (vascular endothelial‑cadherin, MMPs and hypoxia inducible factor‑1α). The identified compounds exhibit multi‑target regulatory capabilities through epithelial‑mesenchymal transition suppression, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition and angiogenesis‑related signaling pathway modulation. These findings elucidate the mechanistic basis for the anti‑VM effects of TCM and propose a novel therapeutic avenue to potentially overcome resistance in malignant tumors, highlighting the translational value of phytochemical‑based combination therapies in precision oncology.

View Figures

Figure 1

Mechanisms associated with the
inhibition of VM formation in malignant tumors by various TCM
monomers. The mechanisms of VM inhibition by herbal monomers
include the following three main aspects: A) Modulating key
signaling pathways; B) downregulating key molecular markers; and C)
cooperative interaction. VM, vasculogenic mimicry; TCM, Traditional
Chinese Medicine; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; CaMKII,
calmodulin-dependent kinase II; CCL2/CCR2, C-C motif chemokine
ligand 2/receptor 2; EphA2, ephrin type-A receptor 2.

Figure 2

Mechanisms by which herbal compounds
inhibit VM by affecting hypoxia signaling pathways and their
associated molecules. Under hypoxic conditions, PHDs activity is
inhibited, leading to enhanced stability of HIF-α protein and
formation of a complex with HIF-β, which activates downstream
target genes (e.g., VEGF, PDGF and SDF1), driving angiogenesis,
metabolic reprogramming, cell survival and immune suppression. In
addition, hypoxic conditions can activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR,
Ras/Raf/ERK, AMPK-mTOR and NF-κB axes to promote HIF-α synthesis
(e.g., blocking HIF-α degradation) and activate downstream effector
molecules (e.g., VEGF monoclonal antibody or receptor inhibitor),
and a variety of compounds isolated from herbs can reverse this
process by blocking the relevant signaling pathways and their
associated factors. VM, vasculogenic mimicry; PHDs, prolyl
hydroxylases; HIF, hypoxia inducible factor; PDGF, platelet-derived
growth factor; SDF1, stromal cell-derived factor-1; AMPK,
AMP-activated protein kinase; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal
transition; EphA2, ephrin type-A receptor 2; VSMC, vascular smooth
muscle; TF, transcription factor; ENOs, endothelial nitric oxide
synthase; HRE, hypoxia response element; TCR, T cell receptor; GFR,
glomerular filtration rate; TLR, target lesion revascularization;
PGF, placental growth factor.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu F, Fu Y, Ding D, Liu S, Zhao Y, Shen Y and Li J: <p>Advances in targeting vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors using monomeric compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine&nbsp;(Review)</p>. Oncol Lett 31: 126, 2026.
APA
Liu, F., Fu, Y., Ding, D., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., & Li, J. (2026). <p>Advances in targeting vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors using monomeric compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine&nbsp;(Review)</p>. Oncology Letters, 31, 126. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15479
MLA
Liu, F., Fu, Y., Ding, D., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., Li, J."<p>Advances in targeting vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors using monomeric compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine&nbsp;(Review)</p>". Oncology Letters 31.4 (2026): 126.
Chicago
Liu, F., Fu, Y., Ding, D., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., Li, J."<p>Advances in targeting vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors using monomeric compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine&nbsp;(Review)</p>". Oncology Letters 31, no. 4 (2026): 126. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15479
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu F, Fu Y, Ding D, Liu S, Zhao Y, Shen Y and Li J: <p>Advances in targeting vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors using monomeric compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine&nbsp;(Review)</p>. Oncol Lett 31: 126, 2026.
APA
Liu, F., Fu, Y., Ding, D., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., & Li, J. (2026). <p>Advances in targeting vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors using monomeric compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine&nbsp;(Review)</p>. Oncology Letters, 31, 126. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15479
MLA
Liu, F., Fu, Y., Ding, D., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., Li, J."<p>Advances in targeting vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors using monomeric compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine&nbsp;(Review)</p>". Oncology Letters 31.4 (2026): 126.
Chicago
Liu, F., Fu, Y., Ding, D., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Shen, Y., Li, J."<p>Advances in targeting vasculogenic mimicry in malignant tumors using monomeric compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine&nbsp;(Review)</p>". Oncology Letters 31, no. 4 (2026): 126. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15479
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