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Review Open Access

Cutting‑edge advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yumei Dong
    • Lihua Shao
    • Qiong Li
    • Yuexiao Qi
    • Tingting Liu
    • Shihong Wei
    • Haiyan Qi
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Radiation Therapy Clinical Research Center, Sun Yat‑sen University Cancer Center Gansu Hospital/Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Dong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 214
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    Published online on: April 2, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15569
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Abstract

Endocrine therapy remains one of the primary treatment modalities for estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer, serving a pivotal role in improving patient outcomes and extending survival. Nevertheless, the gradual emergence of endocrine resistance continues to limit its clinical efficacy. In recent years, advances in molecular biology and genomics have driven the development of innovative technologies and therapeutic strategies in this field. The present review highlights the latest progress in endocrine therapy for breast cancer, including the introduction of next‑generation selective ER degraders (SERDs), ER antagonists/degraders and selective ER modulators (SERMs). In addition, combination strategies integrating endocrine therapy with small‑molecule inhibitors of critical signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and CDK4/6, have demonstrated promising potential in overcoming resistance. Cutting‑edge technologies, such as single‑cell sequencing and organoid models, are providing novel insights into treatment monitoring and the implementation of personalized therapy. Looking ahead, precision medicine platforms powered by artificial intelligence and big data are expected to further refine therapeutic strategies and ultimately improve patient prognosis. Collectively, endocrine therapy for breast cancer is evolving toward a more diversified, precise and individualized approach, offering patients broader treatment options and enhanced survival benefits.
View Figures

Figure 1

Schematic overview of advances in
endocrine therapy for HR+ breast cancer. The flowchart
summarizes the major therapeutic strategies and technological
advances in endocrine therapy for HR+ breast cancer,
including traditional endocrine agents, next-generation endocrine
therapy regimens and precision supportive technologies, with the
core goal of overcoming endocrine resistance and achieving
precision and individualized treatment. Traditional endocrine
therapy encompasses SERMs (tamoxifen and toremifen) and AIs
(letrozole and anastrozole). Next-generation endocrine therapy
features novel SERDs (elacestrant) and diversified combination
strategies, namely endocrine therapy combined with immunotherapy
and endocrine therapy plus small-molecule targeted inhibitors
(PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, FGFR/MAPK
inhibitors). Precision supportive technologies for optimizing
endocrine therapy include organoid-based models, artificial
intelligence/ML technologies and single-cell sequencing, which
provide critical technical support for the precision and
individualization of HR+ breast cancer treatment.
HR+, hormone receptor-positive; ER, estrogen receptor;
SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators; AIs, aromatase
inhibitors; SERDs, selective estrogen receptor degraders; ML,
machine learning; FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Dong Y, Shao L, Li Q, Qi Y, Liu T, Wei S and Qi H: Cutting‑edge advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 31: 214, 2026.
APA
Dong, Y., Shao, L., Li, Q., Qi, Y., Liu, T., Wei, S., & Qi, H. (2026). Cutting‑edge advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer (Review). Oncology Letters, 31, 214. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15569
MLA
Dong, Y., Shao, L., Li, Q., Qi, Y., Liu, T., Wei, S., Qi, H."Cutting‑edge advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer (Review)". Oncology Letters 31.6 (2026): 214.
Chicago
Dong, Y., Shao, L., Li, Q., Qi, Y., Liu, T., Wei, S., Qi, H."Cutting‑edge advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer (Review)". Oncology Letters 31, no. 6 (2026): 214. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15569
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Dong Y, Shao L, Li Q, Qi Y, Liu T, Wei S and Qi H: Cutting‑edge advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 31: 214, 2026.
APA
Dong, Y., Shao, L., Li, Q., Qi, Y., Liu, T., Wei, S., & Qi, H. (2026). Cutting‑edge advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer (Review). Oncology Letters, 31, 214. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15569
MLA
Dong, Y., Shao, L., Li, Q., Qi, Y., Liu, T., Wei, S., Qi, H."Cutting‑edge advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer (Review)". Oncology Letters 31.6 (2026): 214.
Chicago
Dong, Y., Shao, L., Li, Q., Qi, Y., Liu, T., Wei, S., Qi, H."Cutting‑edge advances in endocrine therapy for breast cancer (Review)". Oncology Letters 31, no. 6 (2026): 214. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15569
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