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Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: A systematic review and meta‑analysis

  • Authors:
    • Yuhao Su
    • Yuxin Liang
    • Deyuan Zhong
    • Hongtao Yan
    • Qinyan Yang
    • Xiaolun Huang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China, Liver Transplantation Center and Hepato‑Pancreato‑Biliary Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610042, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Su et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 264
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    Published online on: April 27, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15619
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Abstract

Advances in conformal and image‑guided external‑beam radiotherapy have expanded its application in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the benefit of neoadjuvant radiotherapy before resection for HCC with vascular invasion remains uncertain. A systematic review and meta‑analysis were conducted comparing neoadjuvant radiotherapy plus hepatectomy vs. hepatectomy alone in resectable HCC with vascular invasion. Databases were searched through August 1, 2024. Primary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and disease‑free survival (DFS). A total of four studies (n=362) were included. In the overall pooled analysis, neoadjuvant radiotherapy was not associated with a statistically significant improvement in 1‑year OS [risk ratio (RR) 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71‑3.69] or 2‑year OS (RR 2.64; 95% CI 0.57‑12.27), with considerable heterogeneity (I2 97 and 94%, respectively). Similarly, 1‑year DFS was not significantly different between groups (RR 2.68; 95% CI 0.50‑14.43; I² 95%). In subgroup analyses by vascular invasion type, patients with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) showed a higher 1‑year and 2‑year OS compared with surgery alone, and two studies reporting time‑to‑event outcomes suggested lower recurrence and mortality; however, these findings are based on a small number of studies and should be interpreted with caution. Reported radiotherapy‑related toxicities were generally manageable. Overall, current evidence is limited and heterogeneous; neoadjuvant radiotherapy may benefit selected patients with resectable HCC and PVTT, but adequately powered multicenter randomized trials with standardized protocols are needed.
View Figures

Figure 1

Preferred reporting items for
systematic reviews and meta-analysis flow diagram for the current
review and meta-analysis of outcomes following treatment with
neoadjuvant radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular
invasion.

Figure 2

Risk of bias graph for randomized
controlled trials.

Figure 3

Risk of bias summary for randomized
controlled trials. The green circle represents low risk of bias;
the yellow circle represents unclear risk of bias; the red circle
represents high risk of bias.

Figure 4

Pooled risk ratios of (A) 1- and (B)
2-year overall survival in the comparison of the neoadjuvant
radiotherapy group and the surgery alone group. RT, radiotherapy;
CI, confidence interval; M-H, Mantel-Haenszel.

Figure 5

Pooled risk ratios of 1-year
disease-free survival in the comparison of the neoadjuvant
radiotherapy group and the surgery alone group. RT, radiotherapy,
CI, confidence interval, M-H, Mantel-Haenszel.

Figure 6

Pooled risk ratios of (A) 1- and (B)
2-year OS in the subgroup analysis of HCC with PVTT. Pooled risk
ratios of (C) 1- and (D) 2-year OS in the subgroup analysis of HCC
with MVI. OS, overall survival; PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombosis;
MVI, microvascular invasion; RT, radiotherapy; HCC, hepatocellular
carcinoma; CI, confidence interval; M-H, Mantel-Haenszel.

Figure 7

Pooled hazard ratio of (A)
recurrence, and (B) mortality in the comparison of the neoadjuvant
radiotherapy group and the surgery alone group. CI, confidence
interval; SE, standard error; M-H, Mantel-Haenszel.

Figure 8

Sensitivity analysis of (A) 1- and
(B) 2-year overall survival between the neoadjuvant radiotherapy
group and the surgery alone group. RT, radiotherapy; CI, confidence
interval; M-H, Mantel-Haenszel.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Su Y, Liang Y, Zhong D, Yan H, Yang Q and Huang X: Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncol Lett 31: 264, 2026.
APA
Su, Y., Liang, Y., Zhong, D., Yan, H., Yang, Q., & Huang, X. (2026). Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncology Letters, 31, 264. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15619
MLA
Su, Y., Liang, Y., Zhong, D., Yan, H., Yang, Q., Huang, X."Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Oncology Letters 31.6 (2026): 264.
Chicago
Su, Y., Liang, Y., Zhong, D., Yan, H., Yang, Q., Huang, X."Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Oncology Letters 31, no. 6 (2026): 264. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15619
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Su Y, Liang Y, Zhong D, Yan H, Yang Q and Huang X: Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncol Lett 31: 264, 2026.
APA
Su, Y., Liang, Y., Zhong, D., Yan, H., Yang, Q., & Huang, X. (2026). Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Oncology Letters, 31, 264. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15619
MLA
Su, Y., Liang, Y., Zhong, D., Yan, H., Yang, Q., Huang, X."Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Oncology Letters 31.6 (2026): 264.
Chicago
Su, Y., Liang, Y., Zhong, D., Yan, H., Yang, Q., Huang, X."Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion: A systematic review and meta‑analysis". Oncology Letters 31, no. 6 (2026): 264. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2026.15619
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